Food Biotechnology
Soheyl Reyhani Poul; sakineh Yeganeh; Reza Safari
Abstract
Introduction: One of the synthetic and harmful preservatives used in sausage is sodium nitrite. Sodium nitrite in meat products helps to increase the storage period and marketability of the product by preventing the growth of anaerobic bacteria, especially clostridiums, exerting an antioxidant effect, ...
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Introduction: One of the synthetic and harmful preservatives used in sausage is sodium nitrite. Sodium nitrite in meat products helps to increase the storage period and marketability of the product by preventing the growth of anaerobic bacteria, especially clostridiums, exerting an antioxidant effect, stabilizing the red color of the meat and improving the taste. Besides these benefits, sodium nitrite is very dangerous for health and it can cause malignant diseases. For this reason, it is necessary to replace this substance with a natural preservative. Pigments extracted from aquatics such as astaxanthin with antioxidant activity, antimicrobial properties and pink color may be a good substitute for sodium nitrite. But these pigments must be nanoencapsulated first due to their sensitivity to food production conditions, including high temperature. The aim of the current research at the first is to extract astaxanthin from Haematococcus microalgae by acid-acetone method and pigment nanoencapsulation with maltodextrin-caseinate combination coating. Then, the nanocapsules produced with different proportions will replace sodium nitrite in the sausage formulation, and oxidative and microbial spoilage tests, color and sensory evaluation will be performed for different treatments.Materials and Methods: First, astaxanthin pigment was extracted from Haematococcus microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) using acid-acetone technique. Then, the extracted pigment was nanoencapsulated with maltodextrin-sodium caseinate combined coating and the resulting nanocapsules in the form of treatments A (120 mg/kg sodium nitrite), B (120 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin), C (90 mg/kg sodium nitrite+30 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin), D (60 mg/kg sodium nitrite+60 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin) and E (30 mg/kg sodium nitrite+90 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin) replaced sodium nitrite in the sausage formulation. These treatments were evaluated in terms of oxidative spoilage, microbial spoilage, color indices and sensory properties during 28 days of storage at refrigerator temperature along with the control (without sodium nitrite and nanocapsules). This research was conducted in a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and the difference between the means was evaluated by Duncan's test at 95% confidence level. Results and Discussion: According to the results, the lowest levels of thiobarbituric acid and peroxide value during the storage period were related to B, E and D (p>0.05) treatments (p<0.05). A and C treatments had no significant difference in terms of thiobarbituric acid and peroxide until day 14 (p>0.05), but with the passage of time this difference became significant and treatment A showed higher values (p<0.05). The results of this section showed that the power of astaxanthin in controling with oxidative spoilage is significantly greater than that of sodium nitrite, and if the purpose is only to control this type of spoilage, there is no need to replace or use sodium nitrite. The results showed that in the field of controlling microbial spoilage, sodium nitrite has more power than nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin. So that, the lowest amount of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and the most standardized pH were related to treatments A, C and D (p>0.05) during the storage period (p<0.05). B and E Treatments (p>0.05) were ranked next (p<0.05). The results of this section showed that if from 120 mg/kg sodium nitrite to 60 mg/kg is replaced with astaxanthin carrying nanocapsules in the sausage formulation, the resulting product has the same antimicrobial power as product containing 120 mg/kg sodium nitrite. Evaluation of the color and sensory properties of treatments showed that A, C and D treatments are at a higher level than treatments B and E and the control in terms of color indices and general acceptance (p<0.05). Comparison of the color and sensory properties of the treatments on days 0 and 28 of storage at refrigerator temperature showed that the color and sensory indices remained constant in the formulated treatments, unlike the control.Conclusions: Nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin with combined maltodextrin-sodium caseinate coating as a natural product with many properties in health, control and prevention of various diseases, have a high efficiency to replace the harmful sodium nitrite preservative in sausage formulation. So that, if 30 to 60 mg/kg of the permissible limit of 120 mg/kg of sodium nitrite in the sausage formulation is replaced with nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin, the resulting product will be similar to the product containing 120 mg/kg of sodium nitrite in terms of shelf life, resistance to oxidative and microbial spoilage, color indices and sensory evaluation.
Food Technology
Maryam Khosravani; Seyyed Moein Nazari; Gholamhasan Asadi
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, increasing consumer awareness of the dangers of consuming high-fat products, sensitivity to proper nutritional patterns and the impact of health factors has increased consumer demand for low-fat or free-fat foods. Scientific researchers have provided a great quantity ...
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Introduction In recent years, increasing consumer awareness of the dangers of consuming high-fat products, sensitivity to proper nutritional patterns and the impact of health factors has increased consumer demand for low-fat or free-fat foods. Scientific researchers have provided a great quantity of evidence between the consumption of high-fat products and the development of diseases such as obesity, hardening of the arteries, chronic hypertension, etc. Fat removal is not an easy task because fat, in addition to nutritional aspects, affect rheological and sensory properties such as mouth feel and texture properties of the final product. Using alternative materials that can be completely or partially replaced fat in the formulation of low-fat products by imitating the properties of fat is great important. Unlike fat, which its high consumption causes many problems; fiber can play a vital role in many of the nutritional, functional, and sensory properties of food products, Some types of fiber act as fat substitutes, while producing less energy, provide a large effect of fat function properties. Increasing consumption of easy-cook meat products such as sausages induced replacement the fat content in the formulation of these products, by fat substitutes such as maltodextrin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical and sensory properties of low fat German sausages produced by maltodextrin. Materials and Methods In this study, 0, 6, 12, and 18% of fat was replaced by maltodextrin in the formulation of German sausage. The chemical and sensory properties were then investigated. Chemical properties including moisture, protein, ash, and fat were accomplished according to the ISIRI standard. Evaluation of sensory properties was done by 5-point hedonic method according to Click et al. (2006). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software in a completely randomized design with a 95% confidence level. Results and Discussion The results showed that with increasing the level of maltodextrin, the amount of moisture, ash, and starch of sausage samples increased significantly. As the concentration of maltodextrin increased, the protein content of the samples decreased. The highest protein content observed in the control sample and the sample contained 6% maltodextrin and in contrary, the lowest protein content was in the sample containing 18% maltodextrin and there was no statistically significant difference between the test samples (p>0.05). Changes in maltodextrin concentrations had a significant effect on the fat content of sausage samples so that with increasing the concentration of maltodextrin in the sausage formulation, the fat content of the samples decreased (p≤0.05). Also, with increasing the percentage of maltodextrin replacement in German sausage samples, the cooking yield decreased significantly (p≤0.05). In the evaluation of sensory properties, it was found that the use of maltodextrin reduced the score in all parameters studied so that the lowest score in terms of color, texture, flavor, and total acceptance of sausage samples was related to sample with 18% maltodextrin replacement. Conclusion The vital role of the effect of dietary fiber on improving and managing the health has been proven by researchers for many years. Due to the need to reduce fat in products such as sausages, which considered as a popular meat product and based on the results observed in the present study, it is recommended to use maltodextrin fiber at the level of 6% as a fat substitute in the formulation of German sausages.
Food Technology
Zahra Yousofi Mojir; Alireza Rahman; Maryam Otadi
Abstract
Introduction: Due to the risks of using synthetic preservatives such as nitrite and its salts in meat products, there have been some efforts to reduce these synthetic preservatives in food. This study aimed to investigate the replacement of part of nitrite in 55% sausage formulation based on the conventional ...
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Introduction: Due to the risks of using synthetic preservatives such as nitrite and its salts in meat products, there have been some efforts to reduce these synthetic preservatives in food. This study aimed to investigate the replacement of part of nitrite in 55% sausage formulation based on the conventional formula of a manufacturer. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, Samples were produced with 120 ppm nitrite and a combination of lettuce and Foeniculum vulgare powder in four formulas including T1 (90 ppm nitrite+ 30 ppm lettuce and fennel powder), T2 (60 ppm nitrite+ 60 ppm lettuce and fennel powder), T3 (30 ppm nitrite+ 90 ppm lettuce and fennel powder) and T4 (120 ppm lettuce and fennel powder) and a control sample with 120 ppm nitrite (without lettuce and fennel powder). Physicochemical sensory, and microbial properties were investigated during 30 days of refrigerated storage. Results and Discussion: The lowest pH (2.75%) did observe in T1 treatment on the 30th day of the experiment (p<0.05). The lowest moisture content (56.52%) and ash (2.43%) related to the control treatment on the 30th day of the experiment (p<0.05). Application of 30, 60, 90, and 120 ppm levels of lettuce powder and fennel in the treatments showed a decrease of 17, 18, 16, and 24% in the nitrate content of the samples, respectively (p<0.05). The highest and lowest peroxide value was 1.15 meq O2/Kg for the control sample on the 30th day and 0.3 meq O2/Kg for the T4 sample on the first day of the experiment, respectively. Regarding thiobarbituric acid index, the highest and lowest values were for the control sample with 24 mg MaloneAldehyde/Kg on the twentieth day and 15.76 mg MaloneAldehyde/Kg for the T4 sample on the 30th day of the experiment, respectively (p<0.05). The bacterial growth rate is lower in treatments containing combination lettuce, Foeniculum vulgare powder, and nitrite but in general, an increasing trend in microbial load observed in all treatments during 30 days of storage (p<0.05), While Clostridium perfringens, coliform, mold, and yeast did not grow on the treatments for 30 days (P> 0.05). In the sensory evaluation of treatments, the lowest a * observed in T4 treatment. The highest and lowest b* related to T1 and T4 treatments, respectively, While the combination lettuce and Foeniculum vulgare powder did not show any effect on the L*. The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the addition of lettuce and Foeniculum vulgare powder up to 60 ppm had no effect on the taste and smell of the treatments and showed a decrease in the aroma score in the treatments with increasing combination powder. Finally, the results of this study showed the possibility of successful replacement of some nitrite (at least 60 ppm) with a combination of lettuce and fennel powder.
Shakiba Kianiani; Mohammad Javad Varidi; Mehdi Varidi
Abstract
Introduction: Meat and meat products contribute about 20% to human fat consumption. Fat is the main source of energy and the base of fat soluble vitamins. Besides, it improves cooking yield and water holding capacity, conserves taste and flavor of products and affects the emulsion stability, juiciness, ...
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Introduction: Meat and meat products contribute about 20% to human fat consumption. Fat is the main source of energy and the base of fat soluble vitamins. Besides, it improves cooking yield and water holding capacity, conserves taste and flavor of products and affects the emulsion stability, juiciness, costumer acceptability and structural and rheological properties of meat products. But Animal fat contains a relatively high amount of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer types and obesity. Thus, the meat industry is interested in merchandising fat-reduced meat products without neglecting the positive effects of fat on flavor and texture.
Various researches have shown that the substitution of fat on a polysaccharides base such as fibers, starch, gums, and gels have improved and modified the texture, residual moisture and freeze stability, and decreased the price of the products.
Aloe vera leaf gel contains about 99 – 99.5 % water and 1 - 0.5 % of the total solid content. On dry matter basis aloe vera gel consists of 55% polysaccharides, 17 % sugar, 16 % mineral, 7% protein, 4% lipids and 1% phenolic compounds (Lawless et al., 2014). The most important carbohydrates of aloe vera gel are the long chain polysaccharides, comprising glucose and mannose, known as the glucomannans [β (1, 4) – linked acetylated mannan]. All the solid content of aloe vera gel are surrounded by polysaccharide mucilage layer.
Literature review pointed out there have been little investigations into the functionality of aloe vera gel in the emulsion meat products. According to the importance of producing low - fat meat products from one hand as well as the nutritional values and health characteristics of aloe vera gel on the other hand, this study was designed to replace the fat with aloe vera gel in the production of low - fat German sausage.
Material and Methods: Sausage samples containing 40% of red meat (German sausage) were produced based on the conventional plants formula. animal fat and vegetable oil replaced by 0, 50 and 100% aloe vera gel in the German sausage formulation. All samples were cooked at 90°C temperature to achieve the core temperature of 70° C, followed by cooling, they were kept in the refrigerator (4°C) until the subsequent experiments. The AOAC (2000) methods were used for measuring the moisture content, the amount of fat, ash and protein. The amount of carbohydrate was calculated based on the calculation of the total weight difference from the sum of ash, protein, fat and moisture (according to the method FAO / WHO). The amount of energy was computed based on the total amount of energy from fats, proteins and carbohydrates. To measure the pH of samples by pH meter, method of choe et al (2013) was followed. The color analysis was done on the surface of sausage cuts by chromometer. The parameters of color include L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) were measured. Texture parameters include hardness(N), cohesiveness, springiness (cm), gumminess (N), chewiness (N.cm), adhesiveness were determined by texture analyzer as described by Bourne (1978). The sensory attributes were evaluated by 10 trained panelists. A five-point hedonic scale rating (1= very bad, 2=bad, 3= neither bad nor good, 4= good, 5= very good) was carried out.
Results and Discussion: Physicochemical properties analysis indicated significant differences among meat products (p ≤.0.01). The addition of aloe vera gel resulted a decrease in fat percentage and amount of energy, an increase in moisture and carbohydrate, but the amount of pH, protein and ash content did not change. This study showed that reducing the fat content and replacing by aloe vera gel caused a significant difference in the amount of energy (p≤.0.01).With respect to the significant contribution of fat in the production of energy, the amount of energy was reduced as expected by reducing the fat of the formulation. The results indicated that the value of L * showed the negative and positive trends with animal fat and vegetable oil changes, respectively (p≤.0.01). b* decreased by reducing the amount of fat and oil (p≤0.01), but the value of a* always remained constant (p˃0.05). The presence of aloe vera gel in sausage caused a reduction in hardness, adhesiveness and gumminess (p<0.05), while it did not affect the amount of adhesiveness and cohesiveness of samples (p˃0.05).
The substitution of fat with aloe vera gel had a significant effect on the sensory characteristics of German sausage (p≤.0.01). By reducing fat and oil and adding aloe gel to the German sausage formulation, color acceptance score was decreased. In terms of panelists, the blank sample had the best color and the fifth sample color had the lowest score. Juiciness of the samples was increased by increasing the amount of gel. The results also showed that the fifth sample received the maximum score of juiciness. Sausages smell acceptance negatively changed by reducing the fat content and adding aloe vera gel. Third and fourth treatments got the highest texture score. Also, the third sample had the highest scores for taste and general acceptance. Chewiness analyzing showed that by increasing the amount of fat replacement the rate of this factor decreased. as well as the maximum rate of chewiness was related to the blank sample.
