Food Chemistry
Saeid Azizkhani; Leila Nateghi
Abstract
[1]Introduction: Nowadays, production and consumption of functional and dietary foods have increased. Today, the medicinal, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of fungi have been proven. Ganoderma lucidum is one of the fungi that has been known as the best medicinal fungus due to its various ...
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[1]Introduction: Nowadays, production and consumption of functional and dietary foods have increased. Today, the medicinal, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of fungi have been proven. Ganoderma lucidum is one of the fungi that has been known as the best medicinal fungus due to its various health benefits. Ganoderma lucidum is an annual medicinal fungus which belongs to the Ganodermataceae family. G. lucidum also known as Reishi in Japan, Ling-zhi in China, Ling chih, and Ling chi mushroom in other countries. It is popular among consumers in Japan and is widely used by Asian physicians and herbalists. This medicinal mushroom has been used in Asia for thousands of years to increase energy, stimulate the immune system, and promote health and longevity. In the US, G. lucidum is included in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and usually recommended for its immune-supporting effects. In Poland and other countries outside Asia, G. lucidum is used as a daily food supplement that adapts itself to correct imbalances in the body. Influenced by an increasing number of studies on G. lucidum, modern application of G. lucidum include but not limited to treatment of coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, hepatitis, arthritis, nephritis, bronchitis, hypertension, cancer and gastric ulcers. The major chemical constituents of G. lucidum are polysaccharides, triterpenes, sterols, lectins and some proteins having beneficial properties for the prevention and treatment of a variety of ailments. Both triterpenes and polysaccharides contain anticancer properties thus making them important nominees for the researches. Spores, fruiting body and mycelium have been investigated for biological active compounds. Ganoderma lucidum is a kind of mushroom known to have various therapeutic properties such as lowering high blood sugar and high blood pressure, boosting the immune system as well as its antibacterial and antioxidant effects.In recent years, a number of researches were performed for the identification of biological compounds and medicinal properties of Ganoderma lucidum. Materials and Methods: In this study, baguette bread with 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 % Ganoderma lucidum powder was used in baguette bread formulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of enriching baguette bread using Ganoderma lucidum and to investigate the physicochemical, rheological, texture analysing, microbial, stale and sensory evaluation properties. Therefore, 5 treatments were designed with a control treatment and tests were performed on the treatments in three replications. In order to analyze the data, one-way ANOVA analysis of variance and Duncan at 95% confidence level were used in Minitab 16 software. Results and Discussion: Examination of the rheological properties of the dough showed that different percentages of Ganoderma lucidum significantly affect the rheological characteristics of the dough (p≤0.05) and addition of Ganoderma lucidum reduced the above indices. According to the results, addition of Ganoderma lucidum caused a significant increase (p≤0.05) of phenolic compounds and fiber in bread samples. The results of microbial evaluation showed that with increasing Ganoderma lucidum level in baguette bread, the number of coliforms and molds in the treatments decreased significantly (p≤0.05). The results of sensory evaluation showed that the increase of Ganoderma lucidum level in baguette samples caused a slight decrease in taste, color, odor and general acceptance compared to the control sample.Fungi are rich in protein, pigment, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals that can be used in food enrichment. Due to the growing human tendency to use natural substances, fungi can be a suitable source to meet this need. According to the results, up to 2.5 % of Ganordama lucidum can be added to baguette bread formula and higher fiber content, more phenolic compounds, more freshness, less microbial load in baguette bread were obtained without having an adverse effect on its sensory properties. Therefore, the treatment mentioned in this study was selected as the best treatment in terms of safety, health and quality properties.
Food Technology
Elham Aminpour Daphchahi; Eshagh Zakipour Rahimabadi; Hanieh Rostamzad; Ensieh Nejat Pirsaraii
Abstract
Introduction: The relation between food and health has had an increasing impact on food innovation, due to the popularity of the concept of functional food. Most bakeries products can easily be enriched and fortified with proteins, vitamins and minerals to meet specific needs of the target groups of ...
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Introduction: The relation between food and health has had an increasing impact on food innovation, due to the popularity of the concept of functional food. Most bakeries products can easily be enriched and fortified with proteins, vitamins and minerals to meet specific needs of the target groups of the population. Biscuits are the most popular bakery products worldwide. Biscuits are ready to eat, cheap and conventional food. Protein fortification of biscuits is of current interest, because of increasing awareness of consumers towards health. Fish protein products such as FPP are low cost animal protein with high quality, so it can be used as a protein supplement to increase nutritive value of foods. This research was aimed to evaluate the quality and sensory properties of biscuits enriched with fish protein powder (FFP). Materials and methods: For this purpose, Fish protein power (FPP) of silver carp was used in production of biscuits by replacing it with wheat flour by 0 % (as control treatment), 2.5% (treatment 1) and 5% (treatment 2). Amino acid profile, PV, TBA, chemical composition and sensory analysis was done during 3 months storage at room temperature. Results and discussion: Seventeen kinds of amino acids were identified in fish protein powder of silver carp. The total content of amino acids fish protein powder were 975.19 mg/100 gr. Total essential and non-essential amino acids in control treatment were 36.50 mg/100 gr, that after using fish protein powder in enrichment of biscuits at the level of 2.5 and 5% increased to 50.91 and 67.37 mg/100 gr, respectively. Evaluation of sensory characteristics of biscuits samples did not showed a significant difference between control and enriched treatments (P>0.05).
Fatemeh Bahrami Maghsudbeki; Hajar Abbasi; Mohammad Goli
Abstract
Introduction: Legumes are suitable sources in nutraceutical properties due to existence of anticancer, antioxidant and also significant antimicrobial substances. Different processing such as soaking, peeling and germinating improves nutritional value and bioavailability of minerals such as calcium, iron ...
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Introduction: Legumes are suitable sources in nutraceutical properties due to existence of anticancer, antioxidant and also significant antimicrobial substances. Different processing such as soaking, peeling and germinating improves nutritional value and bioavailability of minerals such as calcium, iron and phosphorus content of legumes and based on the literature review, germination is the best method among the others. The results of previous researches demonstrated significant improvement of nutraceutical and farmoceutical properties of products due to germination. In legumes, sprouted lentil has higher nutritional value such as minerals and essential amino acids than others. Cereal based products, especially products of wheat flour such as bread, pastries, biscuits and etc are used generally as a staple food around the world. Cake is one of the widely used confectionary cereal based product that its nutritional quality is important in public health. According to deficiency of wheat flour from many essential amino acids and important minerals such as iron, the aim of present study was to employ natural enrichment of cake with sprouted lentile and improving the qualitative characteristics of products using active gluten and hemicellulase enzyme. Due to the existence of problems in enrichment of wheat flour with iron due to difficulties in uniform distribution of particles and creation of unsuitable organoleptic properties in the products, currently, iron enrichment is limited to whole flour in Iran. Therefore, the results of the present research could an alternative way for flour enrichment with iron and other nutrients.
Materials and method: In order to prepare sprouted lentil flour, the “official” lentil variety was prepared and treated at ambient temperature (24°C) and suitable humidity (90%) in dark place in order to germinate and increase the shoot height to 1.5 cm. The sprouted lentils were dried at room temperature in shadow. Then, they were milled and sieved in order to achieve suitable particle size. At the beginning step, sprouted lentil flour and wheat flour were evaluated in terms of protein, moisture, ash, fat and minerals such as iron, calcium, potassium and phosphorus. After numerous pre-tests by experts in cereal technology, the usable quantities of sprouted lentil flour according to organoleptic characteristics of the product, was considered 25% of batter’s flour. Improving the textural characteristics of products due the negative effects of germinated lentils flour was considered using independent variables of present study (hemi-cellulase enzymes at 0, 25 and 50 ppm levels and active gluten powder at %0, %1/5 and %3). Sprouted lentil flour was treated for 30 minutes with enzyme before using in batter formulation. Prepared samples with 25% replaced sprouted lentil with wheat flour and hemicellulase (0, 25, 50 ppm) and active gluten (%0, %1.5, %3) were investigated in terms of volume, bulk density, color properties of crust and crumb, moisture content, textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness and springiness) and also sensorial properties. Prepared product based on optimized formulation according to the results of chemical, physical and sensorial analysis was evaluated in staling rate, the quantities of fat, protein, ash, fiber and minerals such as iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and its results were compared to control. Data was analyzed according to the factorial experiments based on completely randomized design by SAS software (version 9.2), and the means were compared by LSD test at 5 significance percent level. Statistical evaluation of sensorial properties was also done based on qualitative method of Kruskal-Wallis.
Results and Discussion: In chemical composition of wheat and sprouted lentil flour, there were significant differences between two samples in terms of protein, ash, and minerals content such as iron, calcium, phosphorus and potassium. But, there was no significant difference in fat content. The quantity of iron in lentil flour was five times more than that of wheat flour, calcium was double, potassium was seven times and phosphorus was six times more than that of wheat flour. Also, sprouted lentil flour showed higher protein content than wheat flour. Addition of sprouted lentils to batter formulation increased moisture content of the sample than the same one prepared only with wheat flour. Gluten and hemicellulase had significant effects on reducing the apparent density of samples and improving the physical, sensorial and textural characteristics of the product. In this regard, the hardness of sample’s crumb were decreased and theirs cohesiveness and springiness were increased significantly. According to the results of the present study, the addition of gluten and hemicellulase enzyme was improved color properties, especially in crust position. Therefore, independent variables were effective in improvement of qualitative properties of products. Finally, the optimal sample based on physical, textural and sensorial evaluation was introduced a sample with 25% sprouted lentil flour, 3% active gluten and 50 ppm hemicellulase enzymes. The optimum sample was closed to wheat control sample in the case of the qualitative characteristics. Comparison of textural characteristics of optimum and control samples during storage was indicated the similar characteristics of them. Sprouted lentil flour was a rich material in fiber with high water binding capacity in technological point. Therefore, it improved moisture retention and softness of texture. As well as, comparison the textural qualitative characteristics of the selected and control samples (prepared with wheat flour completely without additives) was shown a very high affinity in them. The products made with sprouted lentil had significantly higher nutritional value in protein, ash, crude fiber and minerals such as iron, calcium, potassium and phosphorus content than control. The iron content of optimum sample was more than twice of the control. Therefore, the results of the present research are effective in production of the functional product with improved nutritional characteristics. Due to the unique nutritional value of grain, more sprouted bean is recommended to use in food product formulation, and at the same time suitable additives are used for reducing their impact on the textural and sensorial properties of product.
