@article { author = {Saremnejad, Farinaz and Mohebbi, Mohebbat and Koocheki, Arash}, title = {Optimization of reduced-fat aerated sauce production process by response surface methodology and evaluation of its physicochemical and sensory properties}, journal = {Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {1-20}, year = {2022}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {1735-4161}, eissn = {2228-5415}, doi = {10.22067/ifstrj.v18i1.86882}, abstract = {  Introduction: Increasing diet-linked diseases and following that the consumers ongoing desire for healthier foods makes reduced-fat products of outstanding importance in the food industry. This study aims to reduce the fat content of sauces as a traditional condiment through the incorporation of air bubbles in the oil phase. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for identifying the effect of aeration process variables on foam properties. However, the main challenge of reduced-fat foods is to ensure their acceptability. Recently fat taste has been introduced as a sixth basic taste. Fatty acids have been considered as the stimulus for this taste. So, linoleic acid as the stimulus for fat perception was added to the formulation to develop a product that tastes almost like full-fat versions but contains less fat. The advantages of aerated foods over conventional products are clear. Nonetheless, the determination of quality and sensory parameters during storage, marketing, and consuming is necessary. For this purpose, produced aerated sauces, along with commercial full- and reduced-fat sauces, were compared by measuring the acidity, pH, oxidative stability, and sensory properties. Materials and Methods: Required amounts of mono- and diglyceride (MDG) and oil were mixed. Then nonaqueous foams were generated by whipping the MDG-oil mixtures. In the optimization study, the effect of MDG concentrations (2, 6, and 10 wt. %), whipping speed (1100, 3250, and 5400 rpm) and time (5, 15, and 25 min) on foam properties (overrun and drainage) was analyzed using RSM. The foam obtained from the optimum process condition was used to produce an aerated reduced-fat sauce. Sauce preparation was performed according to a usual recipe with the difference that the fat content was replaced by nonaqueous foam. Furthermore, 3.00 mM of linoleic acid as a fat taste stimulus was added to the formulation. First, an aqueous phase containing ingredients was prepared. Then nonaqueous foam was progressively incorporated in the aqueous phase. For the purposes of comparison, aerated sauces (0 and 3.00 mM stimulus), along with commercial sauces (zero, low, and full-fat), were analyzed by measuring the pH, acidity, oxidative stability, and sensory properties. Results and Discussion: According to the results of the optimization study, the desired foam (overrun ≥ 60 %) achieved by oil containing 10 wt. % MDG at 3400 rpm for 10 min. Overrun increased progressively with MDG concentration but decreased slightly above 10 wt. % due to the difficulty of dispersing air bubbles in such a viscous gel. Considering the effect of whipping speed, and time, it was observed that mixtures reached their maximum volumes within 25 min. With a further increase in the whipping rate, the time required to achieve the maximum amount of foam was decreased. However, at high whipping speed (5400 rpm), foam volume decreased rapidly with time, and almost a lot of foam collapsed. The lowest and highest pH was related to zero and full-fat commercial sauces, respectively. There was no difference (p>0.05) between the pH of the control and the linoleic acid containing aerated, as well as low-fat sauces. Over time, as the pH decreases, the acidity of the aerated sauces increased and making the products with appropriate microbial stability. Due to the significant reduction of fat amount, oxidation of the aerated sauces was much slower than the full-fat one (p<0.05). Appearance, taste, and texture characteristics of aerated sauces provided a sensory profile similar to the full-fat sauce. The aerated sauce containing linoleic acid had higher sensory scores, indicating its general acceptance.  Conclusions: In this study, nonaqueous foam as a new approach for fat replacement in emulsion-based foods such as sauces was practically applied. The optimum aeration process conditions were determined by the help of experimental design. Two types of aerated sauces were prepared based on the linoleic acid concentration, and their physicochemical and sensory characteristics were compared with commercial sauces. The acidity and pH of the sauces were in the standard range, and also their oxidative stability was acceptable during storage time. Generally, the aerated sauce containing linoleic acid had relatively similar sensory profiles to the full-fat sauce. Therefore, it seems that nonaqueous foam could be used successfully to develop reduced-fat alternative foods, which could also be meet the consumers' and marketing requirements.Materials and Methods: Required amounts of mono- and diglyceride (MDG) and oil were mixed. Then nonaqueous foams were obtained by whipping the MDG-oil mixtures. In the optimization study, the effect of MDG concentration (2, 6, and 10 wt. %), whipping speed (1100, 3250, and 5400 rpm) and time (5, 15, and 25 min) on foam properties (overrun and drainage) were analyzed using RSM. The foam obtained from the optimum process condition was used to produce an aerated reduced-fat sauce. Sauce preparation was performed according to a usual recipe with the difference that the fat content was replaced by nonaqueous foam. Furthermore, 3.00 mM of linoleic acid as a fat taste stimulus was added to the formulation. First, an aqueous phase containing ingredients was prepared. Then nonaqueous foam was progressively incorporated in the aqueous phase. For purposes of comparison, aerated sauces (0 and 3.00 mM stimulus), along with commercial sauces (zero and full-fat), were analyzed by measuring the pH, acidity, oxidative stability, and sensory properties. Results and Discussion: According to the results of the optimization study, the desired foam (overrun ≥ 60 %) achieved by oil containing 10 wt. % MDG at 3200 rpm for 10 min. Overrun increased progressively with MDG concentration but decreased slightly above 10 wt. % due to the difficulty of dispersing air bubbles in such a viscous gel. Considering the effect of whipping speed, and time, it was observed that mixtures reached their maximum volumes within 25 min. With a further increase in the whipping rate, the time required to achieve the maximum amount of foam was decreased. However, at high whipping speed (5400 rpm), foam volume decreased rapidly with time, and almost a lot of foam collapsed. The lowest and highest pH was related to zero and full-fat commercial sauces, respectively. There was no difference between the pH of the control and the linoleic acid containing aerated sauces. Over time, as the pH decreases, the acidity of the aerated sauces increased and making them products with appropriate microbial stability. Due to the significant reduction of fat amount, oxidation of the aerated sauces was much slower than the commercial ones. Appearance, taste, and texture characteristics of aerated sauces provided a sensory profile similar to the full-fat sauce. The aerated sauce containing linoleic acid had higher sensory scores, indicating its general acceptance. Conclusions: In this study, nonaqueous foam as a new approach for fat replacement in emulsion-based foods such as sauces was practically applied. The optimum aeration process conditions were determined by the help of experimental design. Two types of aerated sauces were prepared based on the linoleic acid concentration, and their physicochemical and sensory characteristics were compared with commercial sauces. The acidity and pH of the sauces were in the standard range, and also their oxidative stability was acceptable during storage time. Generally, the aerated sauce containing linoleic acid had relatively similar sensory profiles to the full-fat sauce. Therefore, it seems that nonaqueous foam could be used successfully to create reduced-fat alternative foods, which could also be meet consumers' and marketing requirements.}, keywords = {Sauce,Emulsion,Nonaqueous foam,Optimization,Linoleic acid}, title_fa = {بهینه‌سازی فرآیند تولید سس هوادهی شده کم‌چرب به روش سطح پاسخ و ارزیابی ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی و حسی آن}, abstract_fa = {در این مطالعه روش جدید آمادهسازی امولسیون‌های هوا در روغن (کف‌های روغنی) به‌منظور جایگزینی قطره‌های چربی با حباب‌های هوا ارائه شده، اثر غلظت سورفکتانت، سرعت و زمان هوادهی بر میزان تولید و پایداری کف‌ها بررسی شد. شرایط بهینه تولید (هوادهی مخلوط 10 درصد وزنی سورفکتانت با سرعت 3400 دور در دقیقه به مدت 15 دقیقه) با روش سطح پاسخ تعیین و کف‌ها برای تولید سس هوادهی شده آماده شدند. لینولئیک اسید به‌عنوان محرک مزه چربی (صفر و 3 میلی مولار) به سس‌ها اضافه و ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی و حسی آن‌ها با سس‌های تجاری مقایسه شد. اسیدیته و pH نمونه‌ها در محدوده استاندارد قرار داشتند. بیشترین میزان pH مربوط به سس تجاری پرچرب بود (0001/0p<). سس تجاری بدون چربی با کم‌ترین میزان pH، اختلاف معنی‌داری با بقیه نداشت (05/0p>). بین pH سس‌های هوادهی شده (شاهد و حاوی لینولئیک اسید) اختلافی مشاهده نشد. اگرچه با گذشت زمان pH این سس‌ها کمی کاهش یافت، اما این تغییر معنی‌دار نبود (05/0p>). اعداد پراکسید و مقادیر مالون دی آلدهید نمونه‌های هوادهی شده و تجاری کم‌چرب در مدت هفت روز اختلافی با یکدیگر نداشتند (05/0p>). به‌طورکلی، روند اکسیداسیون سس پرچرب بسیار سریع‌تر از سایر نمونه‌ها بود. ظاهر، طعم و ویژگی‌های بافتی و پذیرش کلی محصولات هوادهی شده و نمونه‌های تجاری ارزیابی شد. پذیرش کلی سس هوادهی شده شاهد با سس حاوی لینولئیک اسید اختلاف قابل توجهی داشت (001/0p <)، اما پذیرش کلی نمونه حاوی لینولئیک اسید با سس‌های تجاری کم‌چرب و پرچرب معنی‌دار نبود (05/0p>). بر اساس این نتایج جایگزینی حباب‌های هوا و نیز افزودن محرک مزه چربی در چارچوب برنامه‌های کاهش چربی، می‌تواند تغییرات حسی موثر بر پذیرش مصرف‌کنندگان را به حداقل برساند.}, keywords_fa = {سس,امولسیون,کف روغنی,بهینه‌سازی,لینولئیک اسید}, url = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_38004.html}, eprint = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_38004_118ff9b5da122d74fe2a3b7facf0718e.pdf} } @article { author = {Monajem, Samaneh and Ganjloo, Ali and Bimakr, Mandana}, title = {Effect of Aloe vera gel edible coating on bioactive compounds of cherry tomato during storage at different temperatures}, journal = {Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {21-39}, year = {2022}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {1735-4161}, eissn = {2228-5415}, doi = {10.22067/ifstrj.v18i1.88987}, abstract = {Conclusion: Based on the findings of the current study, the 75% v/v A. vera gel coating could be a promising natural coating agent for preservation of bioactive compounds of cherry tomatoes during the postharvest life especially at storage temperature of 5 ºC.}, keywords = {Antiradical activity,Total phenolic compounds,Ascorbic acid,Cherry tomato,Aloe vera,Lycopene}, title_fa = {تاثیر پوشش خوراکی ژل آلوئه‌ورا بر ترکیبات زیست‌فعال گوجه‌فرنگی گیلاسی حین نگهداری در دماهای مختلف}, abstract_fa = {در این پژوهش با توجه به لزوم حفظ ویژگی‌های کیفی محصولات کشاورزی در مرحله پس از برداشت و افزایش زمان ماندگاری آنها تاثیر پوشش خوراکی ژل آلوئه‌ورا (صفر، 25، 50، 75 و 100 درصد حجمی/ حجمی) و دمای نگهداری (5، 12 و 25 درجه سلسیوس) بر تغییرات برخی از ترکیبات زیست‌فعال گوجه‌فرنگی‌‎های گیلاسی حین دوره نگهداری مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور گوجه‌فرنگی‌های گیلاسی با غلظت‌های مختلف از ژل آلوئه‌ورا به‌روش غوطه‌وری پوشش‌دار شدند و پس از بسته‌بندی به مدت 24 روز در دماهای مختلف نگهداری شدند. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری نشان داد غلظت ژل آلوئه‌ورا، دما و زمان نگهداری تاثیر معنی‌داری بر روند تغییرات ترکیبات زیست‌فعال داشتند (05/0p<) هرچند این تفاوت بین سطح 75 و 100 درصد غلظت ژل آلوئه‌ورا معنی‌داری نبود (05/0) در قهوه 100 درصدی هسته خرما کاهش یافت. میزان آکریل‌آمید و ویسکوزیته‌ نمونه‌ها نیز کاهش قابل توجهی نشان دادند. افزایش پودر هسته خرما باعث اسیدی شدن و رقیق‌تر شدن قهوه حاصله شد که نتایج آن در کاهش pH و ویسکوزیته مشاهده گردید. افزایش پارامترهای L*، b* و a* در نوشیدنی قهوه با افزایش میزان پودر هسته خرما مشاهده شد که بیان‌گر روشن‌تر شدن آن و افزایش پارامترهای رنگی قرمز و زرد بود. محتوای فلاونوئید و فنول کل در قهوه‌ها به شکل قابل توجهی تحت تاثیر میزان هسته خرما قرار گرفته و کاهش یافت. لازم به ذکر است که جایگزینی با هسته خرما بر محتوای فنول کل تاثیر کمتری داشت. قهوه‌های تهیه شده از خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی قابل قبولی برخوردار بودند به نحوی که قهوه هسته خرما (100 درصد) قدرت بیشتری در مهار رادیکال آزاد DPPH نشان داد. به‌صورت کلی، قابلیت جایگزینی دانه عربیکا با هسته خرما تا سطح 10 و 35 درصد از نظر حسی قابل قبول گزارش شد، به صورتی که رنگ و عطر این قهوه‌ها‌ شباهت بالایی با قهوه 100 درصدی عربیکا نشان دادند و از طرفی به دلیل کاهش تلخی، پذیرش کلی آن‌ها نیز بالا بود.}, keywords_fa = {قهوه,هسته خرما,آنتی‌اکسیدان,آکریل‌آمید,ارزیابی حسی}, url = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_40580.html}, eprint = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_40580_46735ef6c8a10750b272fc21b89bc742.pdf} } @article { author = {Pourata, Rahmatollah and Jahangir-Esfahani, Hamid and Shahabi-Ghahfarrokhi, Iman}, title = {Photo-Modification of starch-oleic acid by TiO2: investigation of food packaging properties}, journal = {Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {113-127}, year = {2022}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {1735-4161}, eissn = {2228-5415}, doi = {10.22067/ifstrj.2021.40178.0}, abstract = {Introduction: Among the bio-based materials which used in the food packaging, starch is interested as an ecofriendly material. This interest is mainly due to its acceptable film forming properties, easy access, renewability and low cost. Nevertheless, high hydrophilic and weak mechanical properties have been limited its utilization as a commercial packaging material. Many researches have been done to reduce hydrophilic properties of starch using chemical modification, irradiation, and composition with nanoparticles and other biopolymers. Most of the methods are based on blocking the hydroxyl groups of starch chains with hydrophobic agents, formation of emulsions and blocking of the pores. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid (OA) are lipid derivatives that can potentially improve the moisture barrier properties of hydrophilic films. OA is a yellow liquid at room temperature and miscible with biopolymer without further heating treatment. Due to the polar nature of biopolymers, OA needs to surfactant to get homogenous distribution in the matrix of biopolymers. On the other hand, OA is not very sensitive to oxidation which increases its safety in food packaging applications. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an inert, cheap and nontoxic material with broad application as a food pigment and potential activity against a wide variety of microorganism due to its photocatalytic activity.TiO2 is the most commonly used semiconductor, photocatalyst which activated by UV ray. The main purpose of the current study was modification of starch hydrophilicity using OA, nano-titanium dioxide and UV ray. In this study OA and TiO2 added at the optimized condition and the solution was irradiated by UV ray. Materials and Methods: A starch solution 5 (wt. %) in distilled water was prepared. This solution was mixed and heated (85 ˚C for 15 min) until the starch gelatinized. Thus, plasticizer (glycerol, 40 wt. % of dry base) was incorporated into the solution to achieve more-flexible films. OA 1(wt. % of dry base) mixed with Tween 80 as emulsifier (10 wt. % of the OA). This solution was mixed and heated (50 ˚C for 10 min). Then, 10 ml of distilled water was added to the solution, and homogenized by ultrasonic homogenizer (Dr. Hielscher, Teltow, Germany) for 7 min. The suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles in water was prepared so that the final TiO2 content in film specimens was 2 (wt % of dry base). The suspensions were stirred for 10 min, and homogenized by ultrasonic homogenizer for 60 min. The TiO2 suspension was added to starch solution gradually and mixed for 10 min. Afterward, OA- Tween 80 solution was added to starch solution gradually and mixed for 10 min.The starch solution containing TiO2 and OA was homogenized by ultrasonic homogenizer for 7 min. Film forming solution placed under three UV-C lamps (8w, Phillips, Holland) at a distance of 5 cm. The solutions were stirred simultaneously with UV irradiation. After 0, 30, 60 and 90 min of UV exposure, the air bubbles were removed and the solutions were casted into flat, leveled, non-stick disposable 15 cm-Petri dishes. Each of the dishes were contain 43 g which dried for 48 hours at room temperature. All the film specimens were conditioned at 50-55% relative humidity and room temperature for 48 hours before subjected to further analysis.Moisture content (MC), moisture absorption (MA), solubility in water (SW), water vapor permeability (WVP), surface properties, visual properties and mechanical properties of the film specimens were measured. The chemical structure of the films was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy.Results and Discussion: The results shown that water contact angle of the starch film was increased by adding OA and TiO2. But it was decreased after UV exposure of the starch-OA-TiO2 solution. WVP of the starch based films was decreased by its composition with OA and TiO2. But no change was observed after UV exposure of the starch-OA-TiO2 compositions. MC of the starch-OA-TiO2 film had no change, simultaneously. However, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus were decreased by adding OA-TiO2. Elongation at break and tensile energy to break were increased, simultaneously. However, the mechanical properties of the starch-OA-TiO2 nanocomposites were changed by UV exposure but these changes did not follow a specific trend.Although, whiteness index (WI) and total color difference (ΔE) were not changed by OA-TiO2 composition. But yellowness index (YI) was changed, simultaneously. After UV irradiation ΔE and YI were increased and WI was decreased. The results, demonstrated that the virgin starch-OA-TiO2 composition was the best modification method to decrease the sensibility of starch based films to moisture as a packaging material. UV irradiation at short time (30 min) was the optimum condition to modify sensibility of the films to moisture and mechanical properties among the UV cured films.}, keywords = {Hydrophobicity,Oleic acid,Starch,nano TiO2,Ultraviolet ray}, title_fa = {اصلاح کامپوزیت نشاسته-اسید اولئیک با استفاده از روش اصلاح نوری تشدیدیافته به کمک نانو دی‌اکسید تیتانیوم: بررسی خصوصیات کاربردی در بسته‌بندی مواد غذایی}, abstract_fa = {در میان پلیمرهای زیست‌تخریب‌پذیر، استفاده از نشاسته به علت قیمت ارزان و دسترسی آسان از اهمیت به‌سزایی برخوردار است، اما به علت مقاومت کم و آبدوستی زیاد در این بیوپلیمر، هنوز استفاده از آن در صنعت بسته‌بندی عملیاتی نشده است. هدف از این پژوهش، اصلاح ویژگی‌های آبدوستی و مکانیکی فیلم نشاسته با استفاده هم‌زمان از اسید اولئیک، نانو دی‌اکسید تیتانیوم (TiO2) و پرتو فرابنفش (UV-C) بود. در این پژوهش، محلولِ نشاسته- اسیداولئیک- TiO2 تهیه؛ و به‌منظور بهبود خصوصیات کاربردی آن، این محلول در بازه‌های زمانی (صفر، 30، 60 و 90 دقیقه) توسط پرتوUV-C  اصلاح گردید، سپس فیلم آن به روش قالب‌گیری محلول تهیه شد. جهت بررسی خصوصیات کاربردی فیلم در بسته‌بندی مواد غذایی ضخامت، مقاومت مکانیکی، زاویه تماس، نفوذپذیری نسبت به بخارآب، جذب رطوبت، محتوای رطوبت و حلالیت فیلم‌ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. آزمون‌ها در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی اجرا، و نتایج آن به روش دانکن مورد مقایسه قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان دادند، که با افزودن اسید اولئیک و TiO2 به محلول نشاسته، زاویه تماس به‌طور قابل‌ملاحظه‌ای از 26/72 به 34/90 درجه افزایش و نفوذپذیری نسبت به بخارآب و جذب رطوبت فیلم‌های نشاسته‌ای کاهش می‌یابد. در مطالعه خواص مکانیکی نیز مشاهده شد که با افزودن اسید اولئیک و TiO2، مقاومت کششی و الاستیسیته کاهش و کشش‌پذیری و انرژی کششی تا لحظه پاره شدن افزایش یافته است. با اعمال پرتودهی در بازه زمانی کوتاه‌مدت (30 دقیقه)، تمامی پارامترهای مربوط به خواص مکانیکی افزایش، و حلالیت به آب و جذب رطوبت فیلم‌های نشاسته‌ای کاهش یافتند. به‌نظر می‌رسید، استفاده همزمان از UV-C و TiO2 باعث بهبود اثر پرتو UV-C جهت ایجاد اتصالات عرضی در ماتریس بیوپلیمر به صورت نشاسته- نشاسته و نشاسته- اسید اولئیک شود؛ با این حال، استفاده از TiO2 باعث تشدید اثر پرتوی UV-C و تسریع تغییرات آن در بازه زمانی کوتاه‌تری (30 دقیقه) شد. به‌طور کلی به‌منظور بهبود خاصیت آبگریزی وخواص مکانیکی فیلم نشاسته، استفاده از اسید اولئیک و TiO2 به‌صورت توأم بهترین نتایج این پژوهش را در برداشته است. از این رو یک گام رو به جلو برای استفاده صنعتی از نشاسته در بسته‌بندی مواد غذایی به حساب می‌آید.}, keywords_fa = {آب‌گریزی,اسید اولئیک,نشاسته,نانو TiO2,UV}, url = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_39505.html}, eprint = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_39505_f9b407b73f3df86a87f38d556a2779bb.pdf} } @article { author = {Saeidan, Ali and Khojastehpour, Mehdi and Golzarian, Mahmood Reza and Moeenfard, Marzieh}, title = {Aflatoxin contaminated cocoa beans classification using near-infrared spectroscopy}, journal = {Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {129-138}, year = {2022}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {1735-4161}, eissn = {2228-5415}, doi = {10.22067/ifstrj.2021.68475.1016}, abstract = {Introduction: Due to the fact that the presence of high doses of aflatoxin in agricultural products such as cocoa beans is unacceptable in terms of national and international standards, appropriate quality control tests should prevent such products to entering in the process of processing cocoa beans. Conventional methods of detecting aflatoxins such as ELISA and HPLC are very time consuming, expensive and require expertise, so replacing these tests with non-destructive and rapid methods such as near-infrared spectroscopy can increase the detection efficiency. Brado et al. (Berardo et al., 2005) used infrared spectroscopy to evaluate and diagnose Fusarium verticillium, which produces fumonicin toxin in maize. Manvar et al. (Mohammadi Manvar, 2015) used transmission and reflection Infrared spectroscopy to detect aflatoxin levels in Iranian pistachios. Singh et al. (2012) used hyperspectral imaging in the range of 700-1100 nm to detect fungal contamination of Penicillium SPP, Aspergillus Glaucus, and Aspergillus Niger in wheat. Kandpal et al. (Kandpal et al., 2015) in a research work using hyperspectral imaging in the range of 700-1100nm classified grains of maize contaminated with aflatoxin toxin using PLS-DA into five groups. In current study, an attempt was made to detect the amount of aflatoxin in cocoa beans using infrared spectroscopy and to classify healthy and infected beans into groups. Materials and Methods: In this research, 180 cocoa beans, each weighing 1 gram, were selected to do analyses. One mg of aflatoxin B1 powder (A. flavus, A 6636, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo USA) was prepared from Sigma Aldrich representative in Iran and by dissolving this powder in absolute ethanol and concentrations of 20µg/kg, 500µg/kg was obtained as mentioned. For cocoa bean spectroscopy, a near infrared spectrometer in Shiraz University Central Laboratory (NIRS XDS Rapid Content Analysis) was used, which has the ability to spectroscopy in the range of 400-2500 nm. PLS-DA method was used to classify aflatoxin-infected samples from healthy samples. All 180 experimental samples were divided into two groups of training (120 samples) and test (60 samples) and the constructed model was first calibrated with training values and then evaluated with test data. Due to the fact that some noise is always stored in the spectral data and in order to remove this noise, a series of mathematical pretreatment, including: first and second derivatives was used (Chen et al., 2013; Nicolai et al., 2007). Results and Discussion: Comparing the average amount of infrared reflection spectrum, it is revealed that healthy grains have less reflection intensity than infected grains. Also, there are a number of local maximums and minimums where the difference in reflective intensity is more pronounced than elsewhere, and this phenomenon is due to the different concentrations of toxins in cocoa beans. After applying the second Savitzie Golay derivative pretreatment and performing PLS-DA classification using two latent variables, the distinction between classes can be clearly seen. The separation rate of the samples on the second LV is more specific, however, the second and first class samples in this LV have a closer score to each other. The peaks observed at 1440 nm and 1482 nm according to the first Everton O-H bond can be related to fungal contamination (Berardo et al., 2005; Sirisomboon et al., 2013). Also, the peak at 1838 nm is related to the tensile C-H bond, which can be related to the CH2 groups. According to the results obtained from the calibration, cross-validation and testing sections, it is determined that the degree of calibration error (ER) and the degree of error-free calibration (NER) in the pretreatment mode with the second-order derivative of Savitz Golay are the lowest and highest values, respectively. Also, in this pretreatment for the calibration model and testing, the specificity index for the first-, second- and third-class samples are equal to 1.00, which means that all classes are correctly classified. In the cross-validation model, the value of the specificity index for the third class (samples with 500 ppb contamination) is equal to 97%. This indicates that 97% of infected seeds are correctly classified in the third group and only 3% in the other groups are incorrectly classified. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the feasibility of near-infrared spectroscopy to identify and classify cocoa beans contaminated with aflatoxin. The results showed that the coefficients of independent variables (spectral wavelengths including 1440, 1482 and 1838 nm) decreased according to increasing in the concentration of toxin. Finally, it can be said that the method of detecting aflatoxin contamination using infrared spectroscopy is an efficient, non-destructive and fast method.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {درجه‌بندی دانه‌های کاکائو آلوده به آفلاتوکسین با استفاده از طیف‌سنجی مادون قرمز نزدیک}, abstract_fa = {آفلاتوکسین یک ترکیب شیمیایی سمی است که توسط قارچ‌های آسپرژیلوس فلاووس و آسپرژیلوس پارازیتکوس تولید می‌شود. این سموم قارچی می‌توانند باعث آلودگی گسترده محصولات کشاورزی شوند که به‌صورت بالقوه دارای خطرات زیادی برای سلامتی انسان و حیوان هستند. لذا تشخیص سریع و صحیح دانه‌های آلوده به آفلاتوکسین به لحاظ اقتصادی و ایمنی، از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. در این تحقیق از طیف‌سنجی مادون قرمز نزدیک به‌عنوان روشی غیرتخریبی و سریع، برای تشخیص دانه‌های کاکائو آلوده به آفلاتوکسین استفاده شد. دانه‌های کاکائو با دو غلظت سم (20و ppb 500) به‌صورت مصنوعی آلوده شدند و دانه‌های بدون آلودگی نیز به‌صورت سطحی با اتانول پاکسازی شدند. هر دو دسته دانه‌های آلوده و سالم با دستگاه طیف‌سنج و در دامنه 400 الی 2500 نانومتر مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. مدل تجزیه و تحلیل تمایزی حداقل مربعات جزئی برای دسته‌بندی دانه‌های آلوده و غیرآلوده مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و پیش از آنالیز داده‌های طیفی، این طیف‌ها با مشتق مرتبه اول و دوم ساویتزی گولی مورد پیش تیمار قرار گرفتند. نتایج درجه‌بندی نشان داد که کمترین میزان خطای درجه‌بندی در حالتی بود که از مشتق مرتبه دوم به‌عنوان پیش تیمار استفاده شده بود و این مقادیر برای داده‌های کالیبراسیون، اعتبارسنجی متقابل و تست به‌ترتیب برابر 00/0، 02/0 و 00/0 گزارش شد. همچنین نتایج بررسی نمودار ضرایب تاثیر در هر دسته نشان داد که با افزایش غلظت سم در دانه های کاکائو از 20 به ppb 500، مقادیر ضرایب تاثیر کاهش پیدا کرد. در نهایت می‌توان گفت که روش تشخیص آلودگی آفلاتوکسین با استفاده از طیف‌سنجی مادون قرمز روشی کارا، غیرمخرب و سریع می‌باشد که می‌تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای روش‌های سنتی شود.}, keywords_fa = {آفلاتوکسین,دانه کاکائو,طیف‌سنجی مادون قرمز,PLS_DA}, url = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_40577.html}, eprint = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_40577_472c355e74c2a3c418b9fd0fc586d297.pdf} } @article { author = {Reyhani Poul, Soheyl and Yeganeh, Sakineh}, title = {Comparison of the performance of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol in combination with whey protein to increase the oxidative stability of Vanami shrimp fillet (Litopenaeus vannamei)}, journal = {Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {140-150}, year = {2022}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {1735-4161}, eissn = {2228-5415}, doi = {10.22067/ifstrj.2021.67977.1003}, abstract = {Introduction: Shrimps are highly sensitive to oxidation at refrigerator temperature. On the other hand, storage of shrimp in freezing conditions leads to a decrease in product quality after thawing. It should be noted that shrimp oxidation also occurs in freezing conditions, but the oxidation rate in these conditions is much slower than storage in refrigerated conditions. Therefore, it seems necessary to use a method that can control the oxidation of shrimp in both freezing and refrigerating conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of controlling shrimp oxidation (at refrigerator temperature) using whey protein coating containing ascorbic acid or α-tocopherol, and to compare the efficacy of these antioxidants (in combination with whey protein). Materials and Methods: In order to advance the purpose of the research, shrimp fillets were stored in four treatments, including treatments No. 1 (control), 2 (shrimp fillet coated by whey protein), 3 (shrimp fillet coated by whey protein + ascorbic acid) and 4 (shrimp fillet coated by whey protein+ α-tocopherol) at refrigerator temperature for 9 days.  In order to evaluate the oxidation intensity and also the stability of the treatments against oxidative damage, peroxide indices, free fatty acids, anisidine and thiobarbituric acid of the treatments were determined on days 0, 3, 6 and 9. This study was implemented in form of completely randomized design and data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Significant differences among means were tested by Duncan's test at 95 confidence level. Results and Discussion: The results showed that whey protein alone (treatment 2) as shrimp coating can partially control the oxidation process of fillet fats compared to control. But when whey protein was combined with ascorbic acid (treatment 3) and α-tocopherol (treatment 4), the coatings' strength against oxidative deterioration significantly increased (p<0.05). According to our findings, during the storage period, the lowest amount of peroxide, free fatty acids, anisidine and thiobarbituric acid indices were related to treatment 3 (p<0.05). During the storage period, all the mentioned indicators (in all treatments) had an increasing trend, but the slope of this trend was different and the lowest slope was related to treatment 3. Comparison of fresh shrimp fillet fatty acid profile with fatty acid profile of treatments at day 9 showed that the whey protein coating combined with ascorbic acid (treatment 3) had the most protective effect on the structure of fatty acids. Overall, according to the results of the present study, it can be claimed that whey protein- ascorbic acid coating is more effective than whey protein-α-tocopherol coating to increase the oxidative stability of shrimp fillet. Therefore, the ascorbic acid is more efficacious than α -tocopherol (in combination with whey protein) in controlling the oxidation of shrimp fillets.}, keywords = {Shrimp,whey protein,Ascorbic acid,α-tocopherol}, title_fa = {مقایسه کارایی آسکوربیک‌اسید و آلفاتوکوفرول در ترکیب با پروتئین آب پنیر جهت افزایش پایداری اکسایشی میگوی وانامی (Litopenaeus vannamei)}, abstract_fa = {هدف از مطالعه حاضر مقایسه کارایی آسکوربیک اسید و آلفاتوکوفرول در ترکیب با پروتئین آب‌پنیر جهت افزایش پایداری اکسایشی میگوی ذخیره شده در دمای یخچال است. به همین منظور نمونه‌های بافت میگو در قالب چهار تیمار شامل تیمار 1 (شاهد)، 2 (بافت میگو با پوشش پروتئین آب‌پنیر)، 3 (بافت میگو با پوشش پروتئین آب‌پنیر و آسکوربیک اسید) و 4 (بافت میگو با پوشش پروتئین آب‌پنیر و آلفاتوکوفرول) در دمای یخچال به مدت 9 روز ذخیره شدند. به‌منظور بررسی شدت اکسایش و همچنین پایداری تیمارها در برابر فساد اکسیدایتو، شاخص‌های پراکسید، اسیدهای چرب آزاد، آنیسیدین و تیوباربیتوریک اسید تیمارها در روزهای صفر، 3، 6 و 9 اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد پروتئین آب‌پنیر به تنهایی (تیمار 2) به‌عنوان پوشش میگو می‌تواند تا حدی روند اکسیداسیون چربی‌های میگو را نسبت به شاهد کنترل کند. اما وقتی پروتئین آب‌پنیر با آسکوربیک اسید (تیمار 3) و آلفاتوکوفرول (تیمار 4) غنی شد، قدرت پوشش‌ها در برابر فساد اکسیداتیو به‌صورت معنی‌داری افزایش یافت (05/0p<). مطابق یافته‌ها، در طول دوره نگهداری کمترین میزان عدد پراکسید، اسیدهای چرب آزاد، اندیس آنیسیدین و تیوباربیتوریک اسید مربوط به تیمار 3 بود (05/0p<). مقایسه پروفیل اسیدهای چرب میگوی تازه و پروفیل اسیدهای چرب تیمارها در روز نهم نشان داد که پوشش پروتئین آب‌پنیر حاوی آسکوربیک اسید (تیمار 3) بیشترین نقش حفاظتی را از ساختار اسیدهای چرب داشته است. بنابر نتایج تحقیق حاضر می‌توان ادعا کرد که پوشش پروتئین آب‌پنیر- آسکوربیک اسید نسبت به پوشش پروتئین آب‌پنیر- آلفاتوکوفرول از کارائی بیشتری جهت افزایش پایداری اکسایشی میگو برخوردار است.}, keywords_fa = {میگو,پروتئین آب پنیر,آسکوربیک‌اسید,آلفاتوکوفرول}, url = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_40579.html}, eprint = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_40579_1e575ed2118de7b8444443f0b88c7884.pdf} } @article { author = {Sosani Gharibvand, Zohreh and Alizadeh Behbahani, Behrooz and Noshad, Mohammad and Jooyandeh, Hossein}, title = {Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callistemon citrinus leaf extract and evaluation of its antibacterial activity}, journal = {Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {151-163}, year = {2022}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {1735-4161}, eissn = {2228-5415}, doi = {10.22067/ifstrj.2021.68173.1008}, abstract = {Introduction: Nowadays, production and utilization of Nano materials have increased due to their unique and interesting properties. So far, different physical and chemical methods have been used to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Chemical synthesis is not compatible due to the hazardous chemicals residues on the surface of the nanoparticles (NP) as well as production of by products with high impact on the environment. Physical routes for synthesis of NPs have some drawbacks, too. These methods require high energy and space, and are expensive.  Therefore, biological methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles are considered emerging technologies as economic choices in the green chemistry field. Among these methods, plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs is a rapid, simple, non-toxic and eco-friendly technique. Silver nanoparticles exhibit high bactericidal activity at their utilized concentrations with no toxic effect on human cells, and they also strongly enhance the antibacterial activity of conventional antibiotics even against multi-resistant bacteria through their synergistic effects. Callistemon citrinus belongs to the family Myrtaceae and includes more than 30 species. The plant is widespread in wet tropics, notably Australia, South America and tropical Asia, but presently can be found all over the world. Callistemon citrinus is a potential medicinal plant used to treat gastrointestinal distress, pain, and infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. In this study Callistemon citrinus aqueous extract was used to reduce silver ions in silver nitrate solution.  In the following, the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles synthesized by various qualitative and quantitative methods on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Listeria innocua was investigated. Materials and Methods: For the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, 25 mL of silver nitrate solution was added to 5 mL of leaf extract with a concentration of 100 mg/mL and maintained for 24 h at 20 °C.  Change the color of the solution to Red represents the production of silver nanoparticles in the solution. To stabilize the presence of silver nanoparticles, the absorption spectrum of silver nanoparticles produced by spectrophotometer was prepared. Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Callistemon citrinus leaf aqueous extract was examined by disc diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration (microdilution broth) and minimum bactericidal concentration on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Listeria innocua. Results and Discussion: The results showed that in disc diffusion agar method, the diameter inhibition zone increased with increasing the concentration of silver nanoparticles. The maximum effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Callistemon citrinus leaf aqueous extract at a concentration of 150 mg / ml was observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An inhibition zone was observed for all examined pathogenic microorganisms at all concentrations. The results showed that in the well diffusion agar method, nanosilver particles at a concentration of 18.75 mg/ml did not show any inhibitory effect on all the pathogenic microorganisms. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between all the concentrations of silver nanoparticles synthesized for Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus (P˂ 0.05(. The MIC for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria innocua was 128, 256, 256, 256 and 512 mg/mm, respectively. The MBC for all the pathogenic strains was 512 mg/mm. The results of this study showed that the Callistemon citrinus leaf extract has a good ability to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized from Callistemon citrinus leaf extract had good antimicrobial activity against examined pathogenic bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria. Green-synthesized nanoparticles can be used as antimicrobial agent to fight infectious diseases caused by various microbial strains, although more research is needed in vitro, animal models and in vivo.}, keywords = {Aqueous extract,Callistemon citrinus leaf,Silver nanoparticles,Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria}, title_fa = {سنتز سبز نانو ذرات نقره با استفاده از عصاره آبی برگ گیاه شیشه‌شور(Callistemon citrinus) و ارزیابی فعالیت ضدباکتریایی آن}, abstract_fa = {امروزه تمایل به تولید و استفاده از مواد با ابعاد نانومتری با توجه به ویژگی‌های منحصر به فرد و جالب این مواد روز به روز در حال افزایش است. تاکنون روش‌های مختلف فیزیکی و شیمیایی جهت سنتز نانو ذرات نقره مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است اما استفاده از گیاهان جهت سنتز نانو ذرات نقره بسیار سریع، ساده، غیرسمی و سازگار با محیط زیست است. در این پژوهش، عصاره آبی برگ گیاه شیشه‌شور جهت سنتز زیستی نانو ذرات نقره مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. رنگ محلول نیترات نقره پس از افزودن عصاره به رنگ مایل به قرمز تغییر رنگ داد. فعالیت ضدمیکروبی نانو ذرات نقره علیه باکتری‌های گرم مثبت استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس و لیستریا اینوکوا و باکتری‌های گرم منفی اشرشیاکلی، سودوموناس آئروژینوزا و سالمونلا تیفی با روش‌های انتشار در دیسک، چاهک آگار، حداقل غلظت مهارکنندگی و حداقل غلظت کشندگی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. حداقل غلظت مهارکنندگی برای باکتری‌های اشرشیاکلی، استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس، سودوموناس آئروژینوزا، سالمونلا تیفی،  لیستریا اینوکوا به‌ترتیب 128، 256، 256، 256 و 512 میلی‌گرم بر میلی‌لیتر بود و حداقل غلظت کشندگی نانو ذرات نقره برای تمامی باکتری‌ها بزرگتر از 512 میلی‌گرم بر میلی‌لیتر بود. قطر هاله عدم رشد برای باکتری سودوموناس آئروژینوزا (حساس‌ترین سویه) در روش‌های انتشار در دیسک و چاهک آگار در غلظت 150 میلی‌گرم بر میلی‌لیتر به‌ترتیب 13 و 75/7 میلی‌متر بود. در حالی که قطر هاله عدم رشد برای باکتری استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس (مقاوم‌ترین سویه) در روش‌های انتشار در دیسک و چاهک آگار در غلظت 150 میلی‌گرم بر میلی‌لیتر به‌ترتیب 8 و 75/6 میلی‌متر بود. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که عصاره برگ گیاه شیشه‌شور قادر به سنتز نانو ذرات نقره می‌باشد و نانو ذرات سنتزی فعالیت ضدمیکروبی مناسبی بر سویه‌های بیماری‌زا در شرایط برون‌تنی از خود نشان داد.}, keywords_fa = {عصاره آبی,برگ شیشه‌شور,نانو ذرات نقره,باکتری‌های گرم مثبت و گرم منفی}, url = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_40582.html}, eprint = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_40582_3ea2066f905e08d7888d1174f665f16b.pdf} } @article { author = {Babaei, Narjes and Goli, Mohammad}, title = {Dietary Sohan-Polaki production for diabetic and celiac patients by replacing sucrose with Stevioside-Isomalt and complete replacement of wheat flour with rice-corn flour}, journal = {Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {165-177}, year = {2022}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {1735-4161}, eissn = {2228-5415}, doi = {10.22067/ifstrj.v18i1.78691}, abstract = {Introduction: Diabetes recognized as one of the most important health problems and the most common metabolic disease in the world. The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, including in Iran (Forouhi & Wareham, 2010). Celiac is a disease in which the mucous membrane of the small intestine of a person with wheat gluten intolerance damaged by gluten and causes intestinal inflammation (Hopper et al., 2007). Stevia rebaudiana bertoni belongs to the Astrasse family, a perennial natural, calorie-free sweetener that has a sweetening power of 100 to 400 times greater than sucrose (Agarwal et al., 2009). Isomalt, a polyol, used as sugars substitute (sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, glucose syrup, etc.) (Schiweck and Munir, 1992). This study aimed at producing dietary Sohan-Pilaki for diabetic and celiac patients using replacement of sucrose with Stevia-Isomalt and the complete replacement of wheat flour with rice-corn flour. Rice and corn flour used to improve the textural and nutritional properties. Material and Methods: For production of dietary Sohan-Polaki, the raw materials (white sugar 40.03%, sorbitol liquid 16.01%, vegetable oil 32.03%) transferred to the kettle for melting over a gentle flame followed by adding the rest materials such as rice and corn flour (8.1%), egg yolk (3.2%) and cardamom (0.72%). The final dough then poured into the tray container after splicing and finishing the production operation and after being chilled and formed to the required dimensions by the forming machine. For the preparation of dietary Sohan-Polaki, independent variables were included, replacement of Stevia-Isomalt with surface (0 to 100%), rice to corn flour ratio (0 to 100%) and cooking temperature (160 to 180°C). All other compounds considered constant. Isomalt is a substitute for sugar as a filler. To obtain optimal points, 34 experiments proposed by Design Expert software, central composite design response surface methodology, double in the other points, six central points with alpha 2. Test responses included density (replacement of rapeseed, Naghipour et al., 2013), textural properties, i.e., hardness (TPA, Khazaiy Pool et al., 2015), color changes assessment (Lab, Image J, Aslanzadeh et al., 2014). Results and Discussion: Isomalt causes increasing the rigidity and led to a decrease in porosity and ultimately a decrease in density (Bagherpoor and Khosroshahi Asl, 2016). The quality of the sweets eaten directly related to their texture characteristics. Among the various textural parameters, hardness considered to be an important characteristic, which refers to the maximum force curve height at the first pressure and represents the maximum force applied during the biting operation (Cheng and Bhat, 2016). The amount of moisture, dry matter, amount and type of protein and fat also have some effect on hardness. In addition, at high levels of replacement wheat with corn flour, hardness increased with increasing Stevia-Isomalt content. Increasing the sucrose concentration due to its effect on the corn starch chains of the amorphous region, causes granulation of the starch and stabilization of the gel, leading to harder gel formation (Sun et al., 2014).Discoloration caused by caramelization and non-enzymatic browning reactions due to rising temperatures. As the temperature increases, the oxidation of the fats becomes more intense, which in turn has a significant effect on the color of the dyes studied (Ghandehari Yazdi et al., 2018). Since non-sucrose sweeteners play an important role in lightness changes, they are also associated with caramelization and the Millard reaction (non-enzymatic browning) between reducing sugars and amino acids. Sucrose (non-reducing sugar) at high temperatures converted to glucose and fructose (reducing sugars). Thus, if the amount of sucrose reduced, the color intensification is weaker due to the lower formation of the products from the reaction of Millard (Gonzalez-Mateo et al., 2009).Overall, according to the type of flour consumed in the Sohan-Polaki formulation, the two final optimal formulas, i.e., optimal formula 1, including sucrose replacement with Stevia-Isomalt 24%, the ratio of rice to corn flour 0.99 and cooking temperature of 166°C ( With a density of 1.37 g/cm3, the hardness of 1.85 N and color changes compared to the control 3.66) and optimal formula 2, including sucrose replacement with Stevia-Isomalt 24%, the ratio of rice to corn flour 0.02, and cooking temperature of 180°C (with a density of 1.23 g / cm3, the hardness of 2.07 N and color changes compared to the control of 10.16) were introduced as the best treatments.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {تولید سوهان پولکی رژیمی برای بیماران سلیاکی و دیابتی با جایگزینی شکر با استویا-ایزومالت و جایگزینی کامل آرد گندم با آرد برنج- ذرت}, abstract_fa = {مصرف زیاد سوهان به‌دلیل کالری بالا منجر به بروز مشکلاتی نظیر چاقی و دیابت می‌شود. سلیاک یک اختلال خودایمنی بوده که بیمار در معرض عدم تحمل دائمی به گلوتن است و تنها درمان مؤثر، استفاده از رژیم غذایی بدون گلوتن است. هدف از انجام این تحقیق، تولید سوهان رژیمی کم‌کالری (جایگزینی شکر با استویا- ایزومالت) فاقد گلوتن (جایگزینی کامل آرد گندم با آرد برنج و ذرت) بود. تأثیر جایگزینی شکر با استویا-ایزومالت (صفر، 25، 50، 75، 100%)، نسبت آرد برنج به ذرت (صفر، 25/0، 50/0، 75/0، 1) و دمای پخت (160، 165، 170، 175، 180درجه سانتی‌گراد) بر دانسیته، سختی بافت و تغییرات رنگ نمونه‍‌های سوهان رژیمی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. مدل‌سازی و بهینه‌سازی به روش آماری سطح پاسخ و طرح مرکب مرکزی و 6 نقطه مرکزی و دو تکرار در سایر نقاط با استفاده از نرم‌افزار دیزاین اکسپرت صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد افزایش درصد جایگزینی شکر با استویا- ایزومالت موجب کاهش دانسیته گردید. دانسیته تحت تاثیر فاکتور نسبت آرد برنج به آرد ذرت و دمای پخت قرار نگرفت. در نسبت‌های پایین و بالای آرد برنج به ذرت فرمولاسیون، با افزایش جایگزینی شکر با استویا- ایزومالت و یا افزایش دمای پخت، سختی به‌ترتیب افزایش و کاهش یافت. درصد جایگزینی استویا با شکر و نسبت آرد برنج به ذرت اثر معنی­داری بر تغییرات رنگ نداشت، و با افزایش دمای پخت تغییرات رنگ افزایش یافت. د در مجموع با توجه به نوع آرد مصرفی غالب در فرمولاسیون دو فرمول بهینه نهایی شامل سوهان کم کالری با فرمول شماره یک شامل: 24 درصد جایگزینی شکر با استویا-ایزومالت، 99/0 نسبت آرد برنج به ذرت و دمای 166 درجه سانتی­گراد (با میزان دانسیته 37/1 گرم بر سانتی‌متر مکعب، سختی 85/1 نیوتن و تغییرات رنگ نسبت به شاهد 66/3) و فرمول شماره دو شامل: 24 درصد جایگزینی شکر با استویا- ایزومالت، 02/0 نسبت آرد برنج به ذرت و دمای 180 درجه سانتی‌گراد (با میزان دانسیته 23/1 گرم بر سانتی‌متر مکعب، سختی 07/2 نیوتن و تغییرات رنگ نسبت به شاهد 16/10) به‌عنوان بهترین تیمارها معرفی گردید.}, keywords_fa = {سوهان پولکی,کم‌کالری,بدون گلوتن,خواص بافتی,بهینه‌سازی,روش سطح پاسخ}, url = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_38026.html}, eprint = {https://ifstrj.um.ac.ir/article_38026_8404a8ab570b9b988537ea1bed0233b8.pdf} }