Vitamin protection by Alginate-Whey Protein Micro Gel (AL-WPC MG) as a novel microcapsule against gastrointestinal condition; case study: B-complex vitamins.

Document Type : Research Article-en

Author

• Mohsen Zandi

Department Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.v16i3.79215

Abstract

The aim of the current research was to identify and develop an ideal delivery system in order to protect the vitamin from gastrointestinal conditions. For this purpose, vitamin loaded Alginate-Whey protein micro gels (AL-WPC MGs) developed as a biopolymer carrier. This microcapsule was examined in terms of morphology, ζ-potential particle size and distribution, encapsulation and delivery efficiency, and in vitro gastric and intestinal digestions. Absorbance method was used to monitor B-complex vitamins release over time at the simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Release experiments illustrated beneficial attributes for these microspheres. Release mechanism was predicted by using various kinetic equations. Results indicated that the most of the fabricated spherical shaped AL-WPC MGs was under 100 μm in size, and these microcapsules had an excellent and moderate stability in gastric and intestinal conditions, respectively. It was found that the highest vitamin release rate occurs in the simulated gastric-intestinal situation, and type of the vitamin had a slight effect on the release rate and release profile. Kinetic models suggested that release from group B vitamins mainly was controlled by Fickian diffusion mechanism. In general, this research showed that the AL-WPC MGs protect the vitamin from gastric digestion and could be used as a delivery system.
In previous works, a  novel AL-WP MGs and use for different active agent encapsulation was developed, while the final purpose of this work was to study the vitamin release mechanism from AL-WPC MGs at the gastro–intestinal situation. Accordingly, this microcapsule showed the highest vitamin release rate at the simulated intestinal situation. This high release could be due to instability of alginate in neutral pH, and also enzymatic digestion of whey protein. The better release of vitamin at intestinal condition is desirable to achieve the nutrient effect during food consumption. This micro gel therefore appears to be potentially beneficial as digestion delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds in the food and nutraceuticals industry as well as non-food industry.

Keywords

• B-complex vitamin
• control release
• micro gel
• whey protein
• alginate

References

Abbasi, F, F Samadi, S M Jafari, S Ramezanpour, and M S Shargh. 2018. "Ultrasound-assisted preparation of flaxseed oil nanoemulsions coated with alginate-whey protein for targeted delivery of omega-3 fatty acids into the lower sections of gastrointestinal tract to enrich broiler meat." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry.

Beck, W S. 2001. In Handbook of Vitamins, 3rd edn ed. Edited by R Rucker, J Sutie, D B McCormick and L J Machlin. New York: Marcell Dekker.

Bouyer, E, G Mekhloufi, V Rosilio, J L Grossiord, and F Agnely. 2012. "Proteins, polysaccharides, and their complexes used as stabilizers for emulsions: Alternatives to synthetic surfactants in the pharmaceutical field?" International Journal of Pharm 436: 359– 378.

Bruno, P. 1981. "A New Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Vitamin B12 as Cobalts." Analytical Letters 14, (18): 1493-1500.

Chen, L., Subirade, M. 2006. "Alginate–whey protein granular microspheres as oral delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds." Biomaterials 27 : 4646–4654.

Cheong, A M, C P Tan, and K L Nyam. 2016. "In-vitro gastrointestinal digestion of kenaf seed oil-in-water nanoemulsions." Indinia Crops Production 87: 1-8.

Ching, Su Hung , Nidhi Bansal , and Bhesh Bhandari. 2017. "Alginate gel particles–A review of production techniques and physical properties." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57 (6): 1133-1152.

Dash, S, P N Murthy, L Nath, and P Chowdhury. 2010. "Kinetic modeling on drug release from controlled drug delivery systems." Acta Pol Pharm 67: 217-223.

Deat-Lainea, E, V Hoffarta, J M Cardota, M Subiradeb, and E Beyssaca. 2012. "Development and in vitro characterization of insulin loaded whey protein and alginate microparticles,. 439 (2012) ." International Journal of Pharmaceutical 439: 136–144.

Fani, A A, R S Fortuny, and O M Belloso. 2017. "Nanoemulsions as edible coatings." Current Opinion Food Science 15: 43-49.

Ghasemi, Jahanbakhsh , and Bahman Abbasi. 2005. "Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Group B Vitamins Using Parallel Factor Analysis: PARAFAC." Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 52: 1123-1129.

Ghorbanzade, T, S M Jafari, S Akhavan, and R Hadavi. 2017. "Nano-encapsulation of fish oil in nano-liposomes and its application in fortification of yogurt." Food Chemistry 216: 146-152.

Jafari, S M. 2017. Nanoencapsulation of food bioactive ingredients. Elsevier.

—. 2017. Nanoencapsulation technologies for the food and nutraceutical industries. Elsevier.

Khateeb , Mouhammed , Basheer Elias, and Fatema AL Rahal. 2015. "Validated Spectrophotometric Method to Assay of B6 and B3 Vitamins in Pharmaceutical Forms Using Potassium Iodide and Potassium Iodate." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 60: 113-119.

Koutina, G, C A Ray, R Lametsch , and R Ipsen. 2018. "The effect of protein-to-alginate ratio on in vitro gastric digestion of nanoparticulated whey protein." International Dairy Journal 77: 10-18.

Lamas, M C, C Bregni, M D Aquino, J Degrossi, and R Firenstein. 2001. "Calcium Alginate Microspheres of Bacillus subtilis." Drug Dev, Ind. Pharm 27: 825–829.

LeBlanc, J G, J E Lain, M Juarez del Valle, V Vannini, D van Sinderen, M P Taranto, G Font de Valaz, G Savoy de Giori , and F Sesma. 2011. "B-Group vitamin production by lactic acid bacteria – current knowledge and potential applications." Journal of Applied Microbiology 111: 1297-1309.

Leon , A M, W T Medina, D J Park, and J M Aguilera. 2016. "Mechanical properties of whey protein/Na alginate gel microparticles." Journal of Food Engineering 188: 1-7.

Leon, Alicia M , Wenceslao T Medina, Dong J Park , and Jose´ M Aguilera. 2018. "Properties of microparticles from a whey protein isolate/alginate emulsion gel." Food Science and Technology International 0(0) 1–10 accepted: 1-10.

McClements, D J. 2015. "Encapsulation, protection, and release of hydrophilic active components: Potential and limitations of colloidal delivery systems." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 219: 27-53.

McClements, D J. 2004. "Protein-stabilized emulsions." Current Opinon Colloid Interface Science 9: 305-311.

Molina, V C, M Medici, M P Taranto, Font de Valdez, and G Font de Valdez. 2009. "Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1098 prevents side effects produced by a nutritional vitamin B deficiency." Journal of Applied Microbiology 106: 467–473.

Moll, Rachel, and Bernard Davis. 2017. "Iron, vitamin B12 and folate." Medicine 45 (4): 198-203.

Moschona, Alexandra , and Maria Liakopoulou-Kyriakides. 2018. "Encapsulation of biological active phenolic compounds extracted from wine wastes in alginate-chitosan microbeads." Journal of Microencapsulation accepted: 1-36.

Ni, Y, L Wen, L Wang, Y Dang, P Zhou, and L Liang. 2015. "Effect of temperature, calcium and protein concentration on aggregation of whey protein isolate: Formation of gellike micro-particles." International Dairy Journal 51: 8–15.

Nwanisobi , G C, and P O Ukoha. 2016. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Niacin Using 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone." Asian Journal of Chemistry 28 (11): 2371-2374.

Oehlke, K, M Adamiuk, D Behsnilian, V Graf, E Mayer-Miebach, E Walz, and R Greiner. 2014. "Potential bioavailability enhancement of bioactive compounds using food-grade engineered nanomaterials: a review of the existing evidence." Food & Function 5 (7): 1341-1359.

Walash, M I, M Rizk, Z A Sheribah, and M M Salim. 2008. "Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Biotin in Pharmaceutical Preparations." International journal of Biomedical science 4 (3): 238-244.

Wichchukit, S, M H Oztop, M J McCarthy, and K L McCarthy. 2013. "Whey protein/alginate beads as carriers of a bioactive component." Food Hydrocolloids 33: 66-73.

Zandi , M, N Dardmeh, S Pirsa, and H Almasi. 2017. "Identification of Cardamom Encapsulated Alginate–Whey Protein Concentrates Microcapsule Release Kinetics and Mechanism during Storage, Stew Process and Oral Consumption." Journal of Food Process Engineering 40 (1): 1-9.

Zandi, M., Mohebbi, M. 2015. "An agent-based simulation of a release process for encapsulated flavor using NetLogo platform." Flavor and Fragnace Journal 30: 224–229.

Zandi, M., Mohebbi, M. 2014. "Investigation of encapsulated diacetyl colloidosome release profile as a function of sintering process and release media properties." Flavor and Fragnace Journal 29 (6): 364-370.

Zandi, M., Mohebbi, M., Varidi, M., Ramezanian, N. 2014. "Evaluation of diacetyl encapsulated alginate-whey protein microspheres release kinetics and mechanism at simulated mouth conditions." Food Research International journal 56: 211-217.

Zandi, M., Pirsa, S., Dardmeh, N. 2017. "Simulation of ascorbic acid release from alginate-whey protein concentrates microspheres at the simulated gastro-intestinal condition using NetLogo platform." Journal of Food Process Engineering 40 (1): 1-9.

Zandi, Mohsen. 2017. "Evaluation of the kinetics of ascorbic acid (aa) release from alginate-whey protein concentrates (al-wpc) microspheres at the simulated gastro–intestinal condition." Journal of Food Process Engineering 40 (1): 1-11.

Zhang, Z, R Zhang, L Chen, Q Tong, and D J McClements. 2015. "Designing hydrogel particles for controlled or targeted release of lipophilic bioactive agents in the gastrointestinal tract." European Polymer Journal 72: 698-716.

Zhang, Zipei , Ruojie Zhang, Liqiang Zou, and David Julian McClements. 2016. "Protein encapsulation in alginate hydrogel beads: Effect of pH on microgel stability, protein retention and protein release." Food Hydrocolloids Accepted: 1-30.

Zhang, Y, Q C Wang, H Yu, J Zhu, K de Lange, Y Yin, Q Wang, and J Gong. 2016. "Evaluation of alginate–whey protein microcapsules for intestinal delivery of lipophilic compounds in pigs." Journal of Science Food and Agricultur 96: 2674–2681.