Food Technology
Ali Hashemi; Jafar Milani; Ali Motamedzadegan; Sepide haghighat
Abstract
Introduction: Due to the low amount of prolamin, rice flour is the most suitable raw material for preparing food for patients with celiac disease. Particle size classification and thermal treatments are among the physical methods to improve the functional characteristics of gluten-free flours and as ...
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Introduction: Due to the low amount of prolamin, rice flour is the most suitable raw material for preparing food for patients with celiac disease. Particle size classification and thermal treatments are among the physical methods to improve the functional characteristics of gluten-free flours and as a result, improve the quality of the products obtained from them. Particle size can increase the quality of gluten-free products by affecting the physicochemical properties of flour during hydration. Dry heat treatment and moist heat treatment are common techniques for physical modification which, depending on the intensity of temperature and storage time, lead to the improvement of gluten-free products by modifying starch grains, aroma, and flavor, and reducing microbial load. Considering that the effect of rice flour particle size on the quality of gluten-free bread has not been studied so far, in the current research, by dividing rice flour into particles with sizes of 180, 150, and 125 microns and using moist and dry heat treatment, it is possible to Improving the functional characteristics of rice flour and improving the quality characteristics of gluten-free bread were investigated. Materials and Methods: The content of moisture, pH, ash, and protein of rice flour was measured using AACC standard method (2000) and the total amount of starch was measured by the alkaline extraction method and the amount of starch damage was measured by non-enzymatic rapid method. To classify the size of the particles, waxy rice flour was divided by a shaker sieve with different sizes of 180, 150, and 125 microns, then under the influence of dry heat treatment for 2 hours and moist heat treatment with humidity, 25% for 5 hours at a temperature of 110 degrees. Celsius was placed. To produce gluten-free bread, the formulation used by Haghighat‐Kharazi in 2020 was used with a slight change. Ingredients for gluten-free bread formulation for 100 grams of rice flour included 125 ml of water, 4.5 grams of sugar, 2 grams of salt, 6 grams of vegetable oil, 3 grams of yeast, and 2 grams of xanthan gum. Bread tests, which include weight loss, specific volume, oven spring, Crumb crust ratio Shape index, porosity, crust and Crumb color, and bread texture analysis were studied to evaluate the quality of bread. Finally, the factorial test was used to investigate the effects of particle size and heat treatment of rice flour, and Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare the means at the 5% probability level.Results and Discussions: The results showed that the effect of particle size on weight loss, specific volume, oven spring, Crumb to crust ratio, crust, and Crumb color parameters, and bread texture was not significant (p>0.05). Regarding the sample volume index, C80 and DHT120 significantly had the lowest volume index (p<0.05). The HMT80-treated sample significantly increased the weight loss, and the moist heat-treated samples significantly increased the specific volume and the core to shell Crumb (p<0.05). In this study, the sample treated with HMT 120 had the highest volume index. moist heat treatment and dry heat significantly led to a decrease in brightness and an increase in the yellowness of the crust and Crumb of the bread compared to the control sample, but there was no change in the amount of redness (p<0.05). Moist heat treatment samples had the lowest hardness and Chewiness in this research compared to the control sample and the dry heat treatment sample. In general, the sample obtained from 125-micron particles and moist heat treatment led to the improvement of gluten-free bread quality.
Simin Ghasemizadeh; Behzad Nasehi; Mohammad Noshad
Abstract
In the study, the effect of compositional parameters (Xanthan, Corn flour and quinoa flour content) on sensory characteristics and image features of gluten free bread were evaluated. Results showed, addition of quinoa and corn flour significantly decreased L* value and increased a* value of crust and ...
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In the study, the effect of compositional parameters (Xanthan, Corn flour and quinoa flour content) on sensory characteristics and image features of gluten free bread were evaluated. Results showed, addition of quinoa and corn flour significantly decreased L* value and increased a* value of crust and crumb of gluten free bread. Also, increased percentage of corn flour has led to decreased amount of FDL* that indicates the area appears less nonhomogeneous on surface of gluten- free bread. The results also showed that using complete flour of quinoa causes softness in bread due to the presence of bran and networking, therefore, resulting in increased contrast, homogeneity and entropy, and decreased energy and correlation of produced breads. The results of sensory analysis showed that all samples containing quinoa flour have higher overall acceptance score than that of the control treatment. Correlation analysis showed a good linear relationship between image features and overall acceptance of gluten- free bread. Results showed that the optimized Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS model) provide best accurate prediction method for overall acceptance of gluten-free bread (R2= 0.994 and MSE= 0.0015) and it could be a useful tool in the food industry to design and develop novel products.
Sara Movahhed; Elham Kakaei; Hossein Ahmadi Chenarbon
Abstract
Introduction: The most important treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet throughout the lifetime of the patient. Corn flour is one of the alternatives for wheat flour in baking of bread and bakery products that are of high nutritional value and because of lack of gluten are suitable for people ...
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Introduction: The most important treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet throughout the lifetime of the patient. Corn flour is one of the alternatives for wheat flour in baking of bread and bakery products that are of high nutritional value and because of lack of gluten are suitable for people with celiac disease. Moreover, potato flour is one of the best wheat flour alternatives in bread-making and is consistent with that; and now, not only in production of bread but also in production of other bakery products. Hydrocolloids are a branch of additives which are widely used in food industry. One of the most widely used gum in food industry and bakery is hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose gum, which is a derivative of cellulose. Considering the above mentioned facts; the aim of this study was to prepate baguette bread with a mixture of equal parts of corn and potato flour with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose gum. In this regard, the effect of different levels of gum on qualitative properties of produced baguette bread was investigated.
Materials and methods: Treatments included an equal mix of corn flour and potato flour with 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1% hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose gum were prepared. Different chemical tests such as moisture content determination, ash, proteins, fiber and pH measurement were performed on samples of corn and potato flour and after baking on baguettes bread. Yield of dough and bread was calculated in order to determine the strength of dough, porosity and hollow of bread. To evaluate the organoleptic characteristics of baguette bread samples, the analysis of properties of bread with the five senses were using. Staling test based on sense and instrument method at intervals 24, 48, 72 hours after baking was performed on all samples of gluten-free baguettes. Simon Henry method was used for determining the volume of the sample bread. In order to analyze the results of test, a completely randomized design with three replications was used and the means by Duncan's multiple range test, in probability level a=1% by SPSS software in 16 versions compared.
Results and discussion: According to results, addition of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose gum causes yield of dough to increase significantly comparing to the control sample. Generally, gums are hydrophilic compoundsand usually they are interacting with water to reduce the spreadability and stability of the presence of water in the system. Also, adding HPMC gum, decreases yield percent of baguette gluten free bread comparing to contrl samples. Reason of diminishing returns of bread samples containing gum is structural nature of HPMC gum that is capable of properly maintaining carbon dioxide. But there was no significant difference in ash and protein that it was for structure of used gum. By adding HPMC gum, water content of samples in compared to C treatment increased due to the high water holding capacity of used gum. Also adding HPMC gum will increase the amount of fiber in samples containing gum compared to instance treatment. Moreover, HPMC gum increases the volume and improve the color appearance of baguette bread samples containing gum in compare to instance treatment (C) but there was no significant difference in uniformity characteristics of back of gluten-free baguettes samples. Its reason is because of gum hydrophilic property which by increasing the viscosity can keep gas in dough and bread. Color improvement of baguette bread samples containing gum is increasing browning reaction because of adding gum. According to the results, HPMC gum at level of 0.75 and 1% of weight had positive impact on internal characteristics of baguette. Increasing porosity of baguette bread containing gum and improving their hole and seeds shape is for gum ability to maintenance of carbon dioxide and increase bread volume, also this gum prevent dry and hardening of bread texture due to water absorption. Aroma of bread is depend on maylard and caramelization reaction, so scent in bread with suitable browning reactions, increased and as gums are effective in increasing browning reactions of maylard so has desired effect on bread aroma. Also more used gum, will reduce water consumption, improve freshness and softening of bread tissue due to the interaction of hydrocolloids with water and reducing water retention during cooking and was thus a positive effect on the texture of bread. According to results, adding HPMC gum in level of 0.75 and 1% causes the staling time to reduce in three 24, 48 and 72 hours after cooking baguette bread containing gum (by sensory and device) compare to the treatment C. Furthermore, adding HPMC gum increases the volume of baguette bread samples containing gum compare to the instance treatment (C). Volume increasing is because of hydrophilic properties of gum that improve dough spread and maintenance of CO2 gas.
Conclusion: According to the results, treatments containing 1% HPMC gum had the highest water content and fiber. The amount of ash and protein in the samples containing hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose to the instance samples had a slight increase, but this difference was not significant. On the other hand treatment containing 1% gum had the highest dough yields and the control sample had the lowest. Also, yields decreased with increasing gum than the control bread. Other treatments containing 1% gum had the highest privilege organoleptic than other treatments. Also according to the staling test results in sensory and device method, at intervals 24, 48 and 72 hours after baking, treatment with 1% gum has the lowest time of staling. Also treatment containing 1% gum had the most volume and the control the lowest one.
