Food Biotechnology
Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mostafa Rahmati-Joneidabad; Mohammad Noshad
Abstract
IntroductionThe use of safe ingredients to preserve food is steadily increasing. The high time and cost of production and approval of synthetic food additives and the reduction of public acceptance of these compounds have caused serious problems in their utilization. Excessive use of synthetic preservatives, ...
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IntroductionThe use of safe ingredients to preserve food is steadily increasing. The high time and cost of production and approval of synthetic food additives and the reduction of public acceptance of these compounds have caused serious problems in their utilization. Excessive use of synthetic preservatives, which some of them are suspected to be toxic, has completely eliminated these additives and led to the use of natural alternatives to preserve or extend the shelf life of food products. Many plant-based bioactive compounds are good alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial and antioxidant supplements. Plant extracts have significant biological activity including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, which has increased their use in food products. In addition, plant-derived antimicrobial compounds have been considered in the pharmaceutical industry to control microbial pathogens. Natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds are receiving a lot of research and industrial attention in food preservation technologies. In the last 2 decades, the use of herbal medicines rich in bioactive molecules (including polyphenols, carotenoids and flavonoids) with medicinal and health effects such as delaying the onset of some diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and cancer have increased.The plant Prosopis farcta grown in arid and semi-arid regions. In Iran, it is found in the southern regions of the country. In traditional medicine, this plant is used to prevent hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, to treat hemorrhoids, intestinal diseases and diarrhea, and leprosy, and to reduce abortion. In addition, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of various species of Prosopis have been reported. Accordingly, in this study, after examining the of total phenols and flavonoids concentrations, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extract of Prosopis farcta were determined. Materials and MethodsThe ethanolic extract of P. farcta was obtained maceration method. Total phenol content (by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method), total flavonoid content (by aluminum chloride method), antioxidant activity (by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging and beta-carotene bleaching methods), and antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentery, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis (by disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration) of the extract were evaluated. Results and Discussion farcta ethanolic extract showed high phenol content (145.58 ± 1.30 mg GAE/g), while its total flavonoid content was 72.37 ± 1.48 mg QE/g. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of melon root using different methods of DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging and beta-carotene bleaching inhibition were 62.60, 71.82 and 54.50%, respectively. Antibacterial activity of P. farcta ethanolic extract against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentery, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis according to disk diffusion agar and well diffusion agar methods showed that the antimicrobial activity of the extract was concentration dependent and Shigella dysentery and Staphylococcus aureus were the most resistant and sensitive bacterial strains to the extract respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ethanolic extract of P. farcta root for Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentery, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis were 8, 8, 4 and 4 mg/ml, respectively; while the minimum bactericidal concentrations for these bacteria were 128, 256, 32 and 64 mg/ml, respectively. ConclusionIn the present study, ethanolic extract obtained from the roots of P. farcta was identified as a rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The ethanolic extract showed effective antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The results greatly indicated the promising effect of P. farcta root extract against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. As the microbial resistance is constantly increasing, ethanolic extract of P. farcta root can be considered as a suitable complementary option to tackle this problem. In addition, the identification of individual components of P. farcta ethanolic extract and their biological functions or their combination with common antioxidant and antimicrobial agents could be the subject of future research.
Food Biotechnology
Hossein Zanganeh; Fakhri Shahidi; Seyed Ali Mortazavi; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
Abstract
IntroductionOxidation reactions and microorganisms’ activity are considered as the most important factors affecting the quality of food products. Recently, in the light of the inefficiency of some chemical preservatives against microorganisms and the presence of toxic residues in food products, ...
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IntroductionOxidation reactions and microorganisms’ activity are considered as the most important factors affecting the quality of food products. Recently, in the light of the inefficiency of some chemical preservatives against microorganisms and the presence of toxic residues in food products, the use of natural antimicrobials and antioxidants has been increased. Natural antimicrobial compounds have the potential to control microbial contamination and reduce the use of antibiotics. Plant essential oils are natural compounds with the potential to be used as active ingredients in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Various studies have shown that essential oils have antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant activity. The essential oils are considered as superb preservatives with various biological functions. Essential oils are generally recognized as safe product (GRAS) which can be used as an alternative to synthetic additives.Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) peel and fruit contain active ingredients such as acids, flavonoids, vitamin C, and potassium, and its essential oil is composed of terpenic hydrocarbons, such as citral, limonene, citronelal, and geraniol. Although plant essential oils have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, one of the main problems of these natural compounds is their high volatility and instability. In this context, nanoemulsion formulations are frequently used to increase the stability and efficiency of these biologically active compounds. This study is therefore aimed to nanoemulsifying the grapefruit essential oil and evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Materials and Methodsβ-carotene, linoleic acid, ABTS (2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt), and DPPH (2,2-diphenly-1-picrylhydrazyl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA). Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) and Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) were supplied from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Grapefruit peel was dried at ambient temperature and then powdered. The obtained powder was then transferred to a Clevenger device containing 750 ml of distilled water to perform the distillation extraction (3 h). The resulting grapefruit essential oil was stored at 4 °C until use. Grapefruit essential oil was prepared using the hydrodistillation method, and then nanoemulsified. The antioxidant activity of the nanoemulsified essential oil was investigated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and beta-carotene/linoleic bleaching test. The nanoemulsified essential oil or methanolic (control) was mixed with DPPH solution and the mixture was then stored at ambient temperature for 30 min, in a dark place. The control sample was prepared by methanol. The absorbance of the samples was measured at 517 nm. To determine the ABTS-RS activity, the nanoemulsified essential oil was briefly charged with methanolic ABTS radical cation solution and the resulting mixture was left at room temperature for 30 min. Afterward, the absorbance was read at 734 nm. A spectrophotometric method was applied to monitor β-carotene/linoleate solution bleaching in the presence of the nanoemulsified essential oil. To do this, the absorbance of the solution was recorded at 490 nm after 120 min against the control sample at time zero and after 120 min. Antibacterial effect of the grapefruit essential oil nanoemulsion was also evaluated against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Listeria innocua ATCC 33090, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 23857, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, based on disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration. Results and DiscussionsThe results showed that the nanoemulsion of grapefruit essential oil had a remarkable antioxidant effect of 42.27 mg/ml, 33.27 mg/ml and 54.54%, respectively, based on DPPH, ABTS, and beta-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching tests. According to disk diffusion agar and well diffusion agar results, the lowest inhibition zone was related to E. coli and the highest inhibition zone was observed in L. innocua. The minimum inhibitory concentration for L. innocua and S. aureus (the most sensitive bacteria) was 25 mg/ml, and E. coli, S. typhi, and P. aeruginosa had the highest inhibitory concentration. Also, the lowest bactericidal concentration was related to L. innocua and S. aureus bacteria and the highest concentration was observed for E. coli, S. typhi and P. aeruginosa. The nanoemulsified essential oil generally exhibited greater antibacterial activity against Gram-positive species. This could be mainly due to the difference in the cell wall composition of Gram-positive bacteria in comparison to Gram-negative; Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker mucopeptide layer in their cell wall, while Gram-negative bacteria have only a thin layer of mucopeptide and the wall structure is mainly composed of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide, thereby leading to a higher resistant to antibacterial agents According to the results, grapefruit essential oil nanoemulsion can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent to control oxidation reactions and the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms.
Food Biotechnology
Mostafa Rahmati-Joneidabad; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Noshad
Abstract
IntroductionStrawberry and grapes are generally infected with pathogenic fungi (e.g., Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifera, etc.). Synthetic fungicides are commonly used as the first line of defense against post-harvest pathogens on packaging lines. However, disposal of toxic waste ...
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IntroductionStrawberry and grapes are generally infected with pathogenic fungi (e.g., Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifera, etc.). Synthetic fungicides are commonly used as the first line of defense against post-harvest pathogens on packaging lines. However, disposal of toxic waste is a costly process and the hazardous waste causes serious environmental problems. In addition, fungal pathogens have shown a worrying trend of resistance to these fungicides, thus shortening the shelf life of products. Compounds that can be equally effective in controlling pathogens, but preventing or minimizing the waste problems will be inevitable. The large volume of internationally processed agricultural products, as well as the increasing demand for organically produced fruits, emphasizes the need to replace synthetic fungicides with safer and biodegradable alternatives. Natural plant-derived products effectively meet this criterion and have great potential to influence modern agricultural research. Catechins and other polyphenols in green tea show strong antioxidant activity. Also, the antimicrobial activity of green tea extract against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans has been reported. Therefore, the present study was performed to prepare the ethanolic extract of green tea and to determine the content of total phenol, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and its antifungal effect against Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, and Rhizopus stolonifer (causing rot in strawberry and grapes). Materials and MethodsFresh green tea leaves were dried at room temperature and then powdered. Then, ethanol (70%) was added to the powdered leaves (solvent to powder ratio of 10:1 v/w) and the mixture was refluxed for 120 min. The resulting mixture was filtered through a filter paper and then concentrated under vacuum and finally dried in an oven.Total phenol content (by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent at 756 nm), total flavonoid content (spectrophotometrically at 510 nm), antioxidant activity (by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging methods), and antifungal effect (by disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration) of the extract were evaluated. Results and DiscussionThe extract contained 175.60 mg GAE /g total phenol and 47.53 mg QE/g total flavonoids and its antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS free radical assays was 78.89% and 86.57%, respectively. The results of antifungal activity showed that the diameter of the growth inhibition zone increased significantly with increasing the concentration of the extract, and Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most sensitive and resistant fungal strains to the extract, respectively. The minimum fungicidal concentrations for the strains of Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer were 64 and 512 mg/ml, respectively. ConclusionThe results of the present study showed that the ethanolic extract of green tea could be considered as potential source of natural antioxidant and antifungal agents. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds may be responsible for the antifungal and antioxidant effects of the extract. However, due to the fact that this study was performed with the crude extract of green tea, it is difficult to identify compounds responsible for antifungal and antioxidant activity. On this point, only the separation of the components of the extract allows the detection of antifungal and antioxidant compounds. This study provides a basis for further researches, in particular the use of these antioxidants and antifungal compounds. Green tea extract is especially suitable for products with high sensitivity to lipid oxidation and infection with molds.
Food Biotechnology
Ehsan Safari; Hassan Barzegar; Hossein Jooyandeh; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Noshad
Abstract
Introduction
The addition of chemical preservatives increases the shelf life of food products, but prolonged and indiscriminate use of chemical preservatives increases the resistance of microorganisms and the health risks associated with theiruptake. Medicinal plants have a wide variety in the ...
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Introduction
The addition of chemical preservatives increases the shelf life of food products, but prolonged and indiscriminate use of chemical preservatives increases the resistance of microorganisms and the health risks associated with theiruptake. Medicinal plants have a wide variety in the world as well as in Iran. In recent years, the use of natural preservatives such as plant extracts and essential oils, due to their importance and role in controlling the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, has been proposed as an alternative to chemical preservatives. Black pepper is an aromatic medicinal plant. The specific properties of black pepper essential oil, such as its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, have also been confirmed. Amphotericin B is one of the effective antibiotics for treating infections caused by pathogenic fungi. The mechanism of action of amphotericin B is to destroy fungal cells in such a way that by binding to ergosterol in the cell membrane of fungi, it creates pores and eventually destroys them. One of the most important and common antibiotics used in the treatment of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria is chloramphenicol. This antibiotic is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria due to its broad spectrum. The aim of this study was to identify bioactive functional groups, antioxidant potential, phenol and total flavonoid compounds and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of black pepper extract against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus coagulans and Aspergillus niger.
Materials and Methods
In this study, the antimicrobial effect of black pepper aqueous extract was investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus coagulans and Aspergillus niger by disc diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration methods. Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the species were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 assays, respectively. Three biochemical assays, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis 3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging and β- caroten/linoleic acid activity systems, were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Identification of functional groups as well as the structure of organic compounds in black pepper extract was also performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To evaluate the synergistic effect of black pepper extract in combination with amphotericin B and chloramphenicol antibiotics, Sub-MIC was used.
Results and Discussion
The peaks observed in aqueous black pepper extract confirmed the presence of O-H (3000-3500 cm-1), C-H (2800-3000 cm-1), C=O (1613.62-1633.52 cm-1) and C-O (100.57-1038.82 cm-1) functional groups of bioactive compounds. The total phenol and flavonoids content of the extract were 45.12 mg GAE/g extract and its flavonoid content was 29.66 mg QUE/g extract which had an important role in its antioxidant activity. The aqueous black pepper extract had remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50=32.37 μg/ml), ABTS free radical scavenging activity (IC50=28.45 μg/ml) and beta-carotene bleaching inhibitory effect (46.45%), revealing the electron/hydrogen donating ability of the essential oil. The results of measuring the antimicrobial activity of extract by disk diffusion and agar well showed that black pepper extract showed more antimicrobial effect on gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus coagulans than gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This could be due to the difference in their cell wall structure. Aspergillus niger is the most sensitive species to aqueous black pepper extract. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of extract for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus coagulans and Aspergillus niger were equal to 32, 16, 4, 8 and 4 mg/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration of black pepper extract for two bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more than 512 mg/ml. Also, the minimum bactericidal concentration for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus coagulans was 128 and 256 mg/ml, respectively, and 128 mg/ml for Aspergillus niger. The results of interaction of black pepper extract with chloramphenicol antibiotic showed that the Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were synergistic, but antagonism was observed for the gram-positive Bacillus coagulans.
Food Biotechnology
Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Noshad; Mostafa Rahmati-Joneidabad
Abstract
[1]Introduction: Oxidation and food pathogens are considered two important and influential factors affecting food quality and health. Recently, due to the increasing demand for natural products, the application of synthetic preservatives to control microbial growth and lipid oxidation have been decreased ...
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[1]Introduction: Oxidation and food pathogens are considered two important and influential factors affecting food quality and health. Recently, due to the increasing demand for natural products, the application of synthetic preservatives to control microbial growth and lipid oxidation have been decreased significantly. Therefore, natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds are receiving more attention in food preservation technologies. In the last 2 decades, the use of herbal medicines rich in bioactive molecules (including polyphenols, carotenoids and flavonoids) with medicinal and health effects such as delaying the onset of some diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and cancer have increased. Furthermore, secondary metabolites in plant extracts and essential oils are able to control and inhibit free radical-mediated reactions. The olive tree (Olea europaea) is an evergreen plant that grows in tropical and subtropical regions. Iran is one of the most important olive growers in the world due to its suitable conditions for olive cultivation. The leaves of the olive plant have a high potential for the production of various products such as tea and extracts. Olive leaf extract can be used as a raw material in the production of various products, due to exhibiting various biological activities such as antimicrobial and antiviral activity, lipid stabilizer, blood pressure regulator, antioxidant activity, and free radical scavenger. The leaves of the olive tree also contain various phenolic compounds, mainly Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, in this study, the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds of olive leaf ethanolic extract and its antioxidant effect and antimicrobial properties on Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenesis, Bacillus cereus and Listeria innocua were investigated. Materials and Methods: The olive leaf ethanolic extract was prepared through maceration method and its total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), total flavonoids content (aluminum chloride colorimetric assay), antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging methods), and antimicrobial effect on E. coli, E. aerogenesis, B. cereus and L. innocua (based on disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration) were determined according to standard methods. Data were analyzed by SPSS software through one-way ANOVA and Duncan test at p<0.05. Results and Discussion: The ethanolic extract of olive leaves contained 176.58 ± 0.72 mg GAE/g total phenol and 69.85 ± 0.26 mg QE/g total flavonoids. In addition, ethanolic extract of olive leaf was able to inhibit free radicals DPPH (70.62 ± 0.59%) and ABTS (76.15 ± 0.43%). The antimicrobial results showed that the antimicrobial effect of the extract depended on its concentration and type of bacteria. Antimicrobial effect was increased as a function of ethanolic extract, and Gram-positive bacteria (B. cereus and L. innocua) were more sensitive to ethanolic extract of olive leaf than Gram-negative bacteria (E. aerogenesis and E. coli). Generally, B. cereus and E. aerogenesis were the most sensitive and resistant microbial strains to ethanolic extract of olive leaf, respectively.The results of this study showed that the high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of olive leaf ethanolic extract is mainly due to its phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Olive leaf ethanolic extract was able to neutralize DPPH and ABTS free radicals. Also, Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to ethanolic extract of olive leaf than Gram-negative bacteria. In general, the ethanolic extract of olive leaf can be used as a nutraceutical to control or prevent the growth of spoilage/infection-causing microorganisms and free radical reactions in food and the human body. However, more in-depth studies are needed to determine the mechanism of antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of olive ethanolic extract in vitro and in vivo.
Food Biotechnology
Mostafa Rahmati-Joneidabad; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Noshad
Abstract
[1]Introduction: Economic losses can occur due to the growth of fungi on foods that lead to food spoilage and plant diseases. Fruits and vegetables are often exposed to microbial activity, caused by pathogenic fungi, during post-harvest storage. Diseases of food origin are a growing public health problem. ...
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[1]Introduction: Economic losses can occur due to the growth of fungi on foods that lead to food spoilage and plant diseases. Fruits and vegetables are often exposed to microbial activity, caused by pathogenic fungi, during post-harvest storage. Diseases of food origin are a growing public health problem. Thus, food safety has become a major public concern as microbial contamination increases the risk of foodborne illnesses and shortens the shelf life of foods. Infection with fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Penicillium species is considered as the primary cause of rapid spoilage of fresh produce, which reduces their quality and shelf life. Synthetic fungicides have been applied to solve this problem for many years. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of synthetic chemicals on human health and the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains have motivated the scientists and food industries to find out safe preservatives to control postharvest rot/diseases. On this point, natural antimicrobial agents such as plant extracts and essential oils are gaining more and more interest. In this study, we used Levisticum officinale Koch essential oil, which its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity has been reported in literatures. Materials and Methods: L. officinale Koch essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method and its total phenol content, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity (based on DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching tests) and its antifungal effect against fungi causing apple and orange rotting (Alternaria alternata, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, and Botrytis cinerea) were examined according to antimicrobial tests of disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration. Results and Discussion:L. officinale Koch essential oil contained 61.27 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g and 20.14 ± 0.21 mg QE/g total phenol and flavonoids, respectively. Its antioxidant activity, based on DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS free radical scavenging, and β-carotene bleaching inhibition were 69.72 ± 0.65%, 78.54 ± 0.3% and 57.50 ± 0.41%, respectively. L. officinale Koch essential oil was effective against all fungal species and the highest susceptibility was observed for Penicillium expansum. According to the results, L. officinale Koch essential oil can be used as a natural antifungal agent to prevent post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables.
Food Biotechnology
Hediyeh Yousefipour; Mohammad Amin Mehrnia; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Hossein Jooyandeh; Mohammad Hojjati
Abstract
[1]Introduction: Herbs and spices, which are essential part of the human diet, have been used in traditional medicine to increase the flavor, color, and aroma of various foods and food products. Herbs and spices are also known as preservative, antioxidative, and antimicrobial agents. Plant extracts and ...
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[1]Introduction: Herbs and spices, which are essential part of the human diet, have been used in traditional medicine to increase the flavor, color, and aroma of various foods and food products. Herbs and spices are also known as preservative, antioxidative, and antimicrobial agents. Plant extracts and their components with pathogen-growth suppression effect and little toxicity to host cells could be considered as excellent candidates for developing new antimicrobial agents. Trigonella foenum- graceum is an annual herbaceous plant with bright yellow and sometimes purple-white flowers. Therapeutic effects of this plant include analgesia, anti-cancer, and treatment of diabetes by lowering blood sugar and lowering blood lipids. In ancient Egypt, this plant was used to embalm the dead and incense. The seeds of the plant are used to treat leprosy, hemorrhoids, and relieve bronchitis. The seeds of this plant contain various compounds such as vitamins, amino acids, saponins, fatty acids, and flavonoids. The antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of T. foenum have been detrmined byvarious studies. This study was therefore aimed to produce the T. foenum extract and evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Materials and methods: Fifty g of powdered plant was added to 250 mL of water and stirred for 72 h. The solution was passed through the Whatman filter paper and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min to discard the suspended solids. Next, a vacuum evaporator was used to remove the excess water and the obtained extract was packed and kept away from light at 4 °C. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured by colorimetric methods. The antimicrobial effect of the extract on Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans was evaluated using disc diffusion agar (DDA), well diffusion agar (WDA), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal /fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) methods. Interaction of aqueous extract and Chloramphenicol and Amphotericin B was also evaluated. Antioxidant effect of the extract was determined by ABTS, DPPH, and β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was also used to identify the functional groups. Results and discussion: Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were 46.60 mg GAE/g and 37.57 mg QE/g, respectively. The aqueous extract also showed antioxidant effects of 60.55, 55.53 and 50.40%, based on DPPH, ABTS methods and β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, respectively. T. foenum aqueous extract had the inhibitory effect on all examined microorganisms, at all concentrations (20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/mL). The antibiotic effect of chloramphenicol for E. coli, E. aerogenes, S. aureus and B. cereus was 13.30, 14.50, 18 and 19.10 mm, respectively, and the effect of this antibiotic for C. albicans was not measured. Also, the antibiotic effect of amphotericin B for C. albicans was 15.10 mm. Furthermore, the interaction of T. foenum aqueous extract with the antibiotic chloramphenicol presented a synergistic effect on the examined bacteria and led to a significant increase in inhibition zone diameter. Additionally, the interaction of the extract with antibiotics showed a synergistic effect on C. albicans. In infrared spectrum, peaks at 3370, 2965, and 1613 cm-1 were related to stretching vibration of O-H, C-H, C=C bonds of aromatic ring and aromatic groups of T. foenum aqueous extract. In general, the extract of T. foenum could be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Mohsen Ebrahimi Hemmati Kaykha; Hossein Jooyandeh; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Noshad
Abstract
[1]Introduction: Oxidative reactions are needed for human survival, but these reactions can sometimes be destructive. There is a lot of evidence that shows many disorders (neurological, renal, hepatic) and diseases such as cancer and vascular diseases, and even food spoilage are caused by oxidative reactions ...
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[1]Introduction: Oxidative reactions are needed for human survival, but these reactions can sometimes be destructive. There is a lot of evidence that shows many disorders (neurological, renal, hepatic) and diseases such as cancer and vascular diseases, and even food spoilage are caused by oxidative reactions of free radicals. Some types of reactive oxygen species, such as oxygenated water, and free radicals such as hydroxyl and superoxide, can react with certain fats, nucleic acids, and proteins in the body to kill them. In general, any substance that delays or prevents the oxidation process is called an antioxidant. In various studies that have been done so far, the antioxidant and protective properties of the novel plants have been reported. Among other species of medicinal plants, the rosemary plant with the scientific name (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) belongs to the mint family, the leaves of which are used as an additive in many foods. This plant is cultivated in many parts of the world, including Iran, but the main habitat of this plant has been attributed to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The purpose of this study was to identify chemical compounds, antioxidant effects, total phenolic and flavonoids contents, and cytotoxicity effect of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (ROEO) on colorectal cancer cell line (HT29) and identification of functional groups of ROEO using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Materials and methods: In the present study, the analysis of chemical compounds in ROEO was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The total phenolic and flavonoid content of ROEO was evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetry using aluminum chloride, respectively. Antioxidant properties of ROEO were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS methods. The cytotoxic effect of ROEO on colorectal cancer cell lines (HT29) was evaluated by MTT method. The compositions of the functional groups present in the essential oil were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results and discussion: The chemical analysis of ROEO comprised of 29 compounds, which composed 94.22% of total essential oil. The main compound identified in the essential oil used in this study was eucalyptol with 40.13%. Total phenolic content was 72.55 mg gallic acid per gram of essential oil and its flavonoid content was 36 mg QE/g. The ROEO antioxidant activity for both DPPH and ABTS tests were 78.74% and 81.97%, respectively. The results of cytotoxic effect of ROEO showed that the cytotoxic effect of ROEO was highly dependent on its concentration. The higher the concentration of essential oil, the higher the level of cytotoxicity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of aldehyde compounds, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and alkenes. The results of all ROEO tests showed that this essential oil can be used as a potential source in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and health industries.
Elnaz Saffari Samani; Hossein Jooyandeh; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
Abstract
Introduction: Shirazi thyme is a perennial herbaceous plant related to Lamiaceae family growing in central and southern regions of Iran. This study aimed to assess chemical composition, bioactive functional groups, antioxidant potential, total phenol, and total flavonoids of Shirazi thyme essential ...
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Introduction: Shirazi thyme is a perennial herbaceous plant related to Lamiaceae family growing in central and southern regions of Iran. This study aimed to assess chemical composition, bioactive functional groups, antioxidant potential, total phenol, and total flavonoids of Shirazi thyme essential oil (STEO) and also to evaluate its cell toxicity effect against the colorectal cancer cell line (HT29). Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of STEO was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The bioactive functional groups of STEO were measured by Fourier transform infrared at spectra range of 500- 4000 cm-1. The total phenol and total flavonoids of STEO were determined by folin- ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. MMT method was performed to measure the cell toxicity of STEO against the colorectal cancer cell line (HT29). The cells were cultured on DMEM high glucose medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin and incubated at 37°C with 95% relative humidity and 5% CO2 concentration. The antioxidant activity of STEO was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS free radicals scavenging assays. Duncan test at 5% probability and SPSS software (version 18) was performed to compare the means of obtained results. Results and Discussion: Based on GC/MS spectrometry, a total of 29 constituents were identified and quantified in the STEO representing more than 99% of total constituents. Thymol with 39.3% and Carvacrol with 30% were the most constituents of STEO. The other major compound of STEO were Benzene (8.52%), γ-Terpinene (5.27%), and Caryophyllene (2.97%). The presence of peak at a wavelength of 320- 1000 cm-1 demonstrates O-C bound that could be related to organic compounds such as alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, and ethers. The peaks occurred at spectral range between 2800- 3000 cm-1 (particularly at 2869.6 up to 2960.8 cm-1) are related to the stretching mode of C-H bounds and are mostly associated with alcoholic compounds in the essence. The amount of total phenol and flavonoids of STEO were 64.05 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 11.68 mg quercetin equivalent/g, respectively. Results obtained from antioxidant activity of STEO with DPPH and ABTS free radicals scavenging showed that by increasing of STEO, the inhibition level of free radicals was enhanced. The inhibition percent of free radicals by using DPPH and ABTS at 1000 ppm concentration were 63.69% and 64.33%, respectively. The cell toxicity results of different STEO concentrations against the cell line HT29 revealed that survival of HT29 cells at 1, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm of STEO were 100, 70.15, 61.19, 59.33, 38.83, 25.68, 20.65 and 12.2%. According to the results of this study, as the concentration of STEO increased, its effect on the cell line HT29 enhanced and the cell percentage viability decreased. Some antioxidant activity of STEO could be interrelated to its phenolic compounds. Based on the results of antioxidant activity, the amount of total phenol and flavonoids and the effect of STEO on cell toxicity against the cell line HT29, it seems that the use of STEO is applicable in the pharmaceutical and food industries
Food Biotechnology
Zohreh Sosani Gharibvand; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Noshad; Hossein Jooyandeh
Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, production and utilization of Nano materials have increased due to their unique and interesting properties. So far, different physical and chemical methods have been used to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Chemical synthesis is not compatible due to the hazardous chemicals residues ...
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Introduction: Nowadays, production and utilization of Nano materials have increased due to their unique and interesting properties. So far, different physical and chemical methods have been used to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Chemical synthesis is not compatible due to the hazardous chemicals residues on the surface of the nanoparticles (NP) as well as production of by products with high impact on the environment. Physical routes for synthesis of NPs have some drawbacks, too. These methods require high energy and space, and are expensive. Therefore, biological methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles are considered emerging technologies as economic choices in the green chemistry field. Among these methods, plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs is a rapid, simple, non-toxic and eco-friendly technique. Silver nanoparticles exhibit high bactericidal activity at their utilized concentrations with no toxic effect on human cells, and they also strongly enhance the antibacterial activity of conventional antibiotics even against multi-resistant bacteria through their synergistic effects. Callistemon citrinus belongs to the family Myrtaceae and includes more than 30 species. The plant is widespread in wet tropics, notably Australia, South America and tropical Asia, but presently can be found all over the world. Callistemon citrinus is a potential medicinal plant used to treat gastrointestinal distress, pain, and infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. In this study Callistemon citrinus aqueous extract was used to reduce silver ions in silver nitrate solution. In the following, the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles synthesized by various qualitative and quantitative methods on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Listeria innocua was investigated. Materials and Methods: For the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, 25 mL of silver nitrate solution was added to 5 mL of leaf extract with a concentration of 100 mg/mL and maintained for 24 h at 20 °C. Change the color of the solution to Red represents the production of silver nanoparticles in the solution. To stabilize the presence of silver nanoparticles, the absorption spectrum of silver nanoparticles produced by spectrophotometer was prepared. Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Callistemon citrinus leaf aqueous extract was examined by disc diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration (microdilution broth) and minimum bactericidal concentration on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Listeria innocua. Results and Discussion: The results showed that in disc diffusion agar method, the diameter inhibition zone increased with increasing the concentration of silver nanoparticles. The maximum effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Callistemon citrinus leaf aqueous extract at a concentration of 150 mg / ml was observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An inhibition zone was observed for all examined pathogenic microorganisms at all concentrations. The results showed that in the well diffusion agar method, nanosilver particles at a concentration of 18.75 mg/ml did not show any inhibitory effect on all the pathogenic microorganisms. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between all the concentrations of silver nanoparticles synthesized for Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus (P˂ 0.05(. The MIC for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria innocua was 128, 256, 256, 256 and 512 mg/mm, respectively. The MBC for all the pathogenic strains was 512 mg/mm. The results of this study showed that the Callistemon citrinus leaf extract has a good ability to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized from Callistemon citrinus leaf extract had good antimicrobial activity against examined pathogenic bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria. Green-synthesized nanoparticles can be used as antimicrobial agent to fight infectious diseases caused by various microbial strains, although more research is needed in vitro, animal models and in vivo.
Food Biotechnology
Mostafa Rahmati-Joneidabad; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
Abstract
Introduction: Apple fruit is highly susceptible to fungal spoilage by Penicillium, Botrytis, and Alternaria species. Currently, the use of synthetic fungicides is considered to be the most accessible method of managing and controlling post-harvest diseases of vegetables and fruits, especially apples. ...
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Introduction: Apple fruit is highly susceptible to fungal spoilage by Penicillium, Botrytis, and Alternaria species. Currently, the use of synthetic fungicides is considered to be the most accessible method of managing and controlling post-harvest diseases of vegetables and fruits, especially apples. However, increasing concern about environmental pollution, the toxicity, and the resistance of fungal pathogens to synthetic fungicides have resulted in an increased demand for less dangerous methods. In this regard, the use of compounds of natural origin that have potential antifungal activity (such as herbal essential oils), can be an effective solution to control and prevent post-harvest diseases of vegetables and fruits. In this study, the potential antifungal activity of Thymus daenensis essential oil was evaluated against fungi species causing apple rot (i.e., Penicillium expansum, Alternaria alternata, and Botrytis cinerea). The chemical compounds, total phenol and flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity of the essential oil were also determined. Materials and Methods: In this study, the essential oil of T. daenensis was extracted by the hydrodistillation method and its main chemical compounds were identified and quantified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry apparatus. Total phenols and flavonoids content of the essential oil were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The in-vitro antioxidant activity of T. daenensis essential oil was evaluated based on the DPPH/ABTS free radical scavenging activity, beta-carotene bleaching, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The antifungal effect of the essential oil against Penicillium expansum, Alternaria alternata, and Botrytis cinerea was investigated by the disk diffusion agar (DDA), well diffusion agar (WDA), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Results and Discussion: The T. daenensis essential oil was rich in thymol (69.88%), γ-terpinen (8.49%), p-cymene (8.20%), and carvacrol (3.55%). In addition, the total phenol and flavonoids content of the essential oil were 91.45 mg GAE/g and 42.28 mg QE/g, respectively, which had an important role in its antioxidant activity. The T. daenensis essential oil had remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50= 29.30 mg/ml), ABTS free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 22.68 mg/ml), beta-carotene bleaching inhibitory effect (62.22%), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (30.10 μM QE/g), revealing the electron/hydrogen donating ability of the essential oil. Antifungal results showed that P. expansum was the most sensitive fungi species to the essential oil and lower concentrations of the essential oil were required to inhibit the growth of or kill the species, due to the presence of phenolic compounds (such as thymol and carvacrol) in the oil. Indeed, reactive aromatic nucleus and phenolic OH groups in the structure of phenolic compounds can form hydrogen bonds with –SH groups at the active sites of target enzymes, leading to the deactivation of the fungal enzymes. In addition, the lipophilic nature of the essential oils makes them to be highly absorbed by the lipophilic mycelia and consequently suppress the growth of fungi species. Based on the results, the T. daenensis essential oil could be used as a natural antifungal agent and synthetic fungicide substitute to prevent the growth of pathogenic fungi on apple fruit or other food products and increase their shelf-life.
Food Technology
Bahareh Sahraiyan; Fatemeh Pourhaji; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
Abstract
Introduction: Celiac disease leads to the malabsorption of nutrients and damage to intestinal mucosa. High nutritional value is one of the advantages of dairy powders, associated with their high calcium, protein and essential amino acid contents. Research has shown that such powders boost the gluten ...
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Introduction: Celiac disease leads to the malabsorption of nutrients and damage to intestinal mucosa. High nutritional value is one of the advantages of dairy powders, associated with their high calcium, protein and essential amino acid contents. Research has shown that such powders boost the gluten quasi-network by forming interfacial films. They are also able to increase the moisture, improve the organoleptic properties, and retard the staling of gluten-free bakery products. In addition, it has been reported that ultrasonic waves can accelerate the oxidation and increase the aeration, volume, porosity and moisture content of bakery products. They can also reduce the hardness and improve the color of such products, thus resulting in the enhancement of their quality and marketability. Consequently, the aim of this study was to improve the appearance, flavor and texture of the gluten-free cake based on rice, germinated quinoa and potato flour using cheese powder at 0, 3, 6 and 9% and ultrasound intensity of 0, 30 and 70% for 5 min. Material and methods: In this study, cheese powder at 0, 3, 6 and 9% and ultrasound intensity of 0, 30 and 70% for 5 min were used to improve the quality of gluten-free cupcake. Control cake formulation had 70 g rice flour, 15 g germinated quinoa flour, 15 g potato flour, 52 g sugar, 50 g water, 36 g egg, 36 g oil, 12 g invert syrup, 2 g baking powder, 0.2 g vanilla, 1.5 g guar gum and 0.5 g xanthan gum. Moisture, specific volume, firmness, crust and crumb color, sensory properties, porosity and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (with 100× magnification) were evaluated. To study the effect of processing parameters on color components of gluten-free cupcake, the RGB color space images were converted to L*a*b space. For determination of gluten-free cupcake porosity using image analysis, the color images were first gray scaled and then thresholded using isodata algorithm. The porosity was measured from the ratio of white to the total numbers of pixels. Results were reported as the average of three replications. In order to assess significant differences among samples, a complete randomized design of triplicate analyses of samples was performed using the Mini-Tab17. Turkey’s new multiple range tests were used to study the statistical differences of the means with 95% confidence. Result and discussion: Results revealed that moisture content increased as the cheese powder and ultrasound intensity were elevated. Cheese powder caused the moisture content to increase by boosting the gluten quasi-network and ultrasonic waves brought about this phenomenon by dissociating the polymeric chains of starch molecules and forming hydrogen bonds between water molecules and free hydroxyl groups. The sample containing 6% cheese powder sonicated at 30% intensity had higher specific volume (4/4 Cm3/g) and porosity (31.2%) as well as lower hardness (3.4 and 4.4 N after 2 hours and one week respectively) compared with other samples. Cheese powder, by boosting the gluten quasi-network and improving the dough elastic properties, and ultrasound, through enlarging the air bubbles present in the dough, caused an increase in the porosity, specific volume and softness. The results also indicated that the rise in the cheese powder content up to 6% led to an increase in the L* value (from 44.9 to 53.5) and up to 9% in the a* value (from 2.6 to 8.4) of the gluten-free cupcake crust. On the other hand, the results demonstrated that as the ultrasonic intensity was increased, the L* value of the gluten-free cupcake crumb also increased (from 60.3 to 77.9), while its b* value was reduced (from 17.3 to 7.9). This could be due to the aeration and oxidation acceleration which resulted in the increased whiteness and decreased yellowness of the cake crumb. Finally, the findings of sensory evaluation showed the preference of the samples containing 3 and 6% cheese powder sonicated at 30% intensity (4.2 and 4.4 score). The SEM and binary images of the preferred samples also confirmed the integrity of the internal structure and the gluten quasi-network of these samples, compared with the control.
Food Biotechnology
Elahe Isvand Heydari; Hossein Jooyandeh; Mohammad Hojjati; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Noshad
Abstract
Introduction: Probiotics are viable microbial food supplements that, when well-arranged in adequate amounts, confer a health advantage on the host. Probiotics have different positive health impacts such as equilibration of intestinal microbiota, prevention of cancer and diarrhea, reduction of cholesterol ...
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Introduction: Probiotics are viable microbial food supplements that, when well-arranged in adequate amounts, confer a health advantage on the host. Probiotics have different positive health impacts such as equilibration of intestinal microbiota, prevention of cancer and diarrhea, reduction of cholesterol and blood pressure, adaptation to lactose intolerance, improvement of immune system, decrease of allergic symptoms, inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms etc. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), are the most common bacteria introduced as probiotics. Materials and methods: In this research, a strain of Lactobacillus planetarium LZ95 was utilized and its probiotic potential was evaluated. This strain had been isolated from a traditional Iranian fermented food known as Ash-Kardeh and had been identified using culture-dependent methods and molecular techniques. Lactobacillus planetarium, is one of the known LAB bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum LZ95 in relation to its resistance to acid (pH 2.5, 3.5 and 5.5), its ability to grow in different bile salt concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.2 and 3%), its resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, penicillin and gentamycin antibiotics, and its antimicrobial activity against Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by using “Lawn on the spot” method. Results and discussion: Results shown that the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum ranged from 0 to 97.69 percent. The highest and the lowest bacteria viability were determined at pH=5 and 2, respectively. The results revealed that Lactobacillus plantarum was able to grow at all tested bile salt concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.2 and 3%), and the lowest and the highest viability was found at 0.2 and 3 percent of bile salt levels, respectively. Lactobacillus plantarum was susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Results also shown that chloramphenicol with an inhibition zone diameter of 30.10 mm had the highest anticipation effect on the strain. Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus plantarum against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) and Escherichia coli (gram negative) with inhibition zone diameters of 11.30 and 7 mm was the highest and the lowest, respectively. The inhibition zone diameter around the strain of Lactobacillus plantarum revealed its ability to inhibit the growth of selected pathogenic bacteria. Based on results, the inhibition zone diameter against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria innocua were 11.30, 7.00, 10.70, and 8.90 mm, respectively. In general, the isolated strain of Lactobacillus planetarium LZ95 had an acceptable probiotic potential such as resistance to bile salt and acidic conditions, susceptibility to some commonly antibiotics, and appropriate antimicrobial activity against food pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this strain can be used in food industry to produce functional food products.
Food Biotechnology
Sahar Roshanak; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Fakhri Shahidi; Farideh Tabatabaei Yazdi; Alireza Vasiee; Neda Hashemi
Abstract
Usage of natural products like herbals, provide unlimited opportunities for novel and suitable additives. Mocheh can be used in fresh form or as an ingredient in soup and salad. This study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mocheh (Lepidium draba) extract. The antimicrobial ...
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Usage of natural products like herbals, provide unlimited opportunities for novel and suitable additives. Mocheh can be used in fresh form or as an ingredient in soup and salad. This study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mocheh (Lepidium draba) extract. The antimicrobial activity of Mocheh extract was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger. The extract showed a strong antimicrobial activity with a concentration dependence and a broad antimicrobial spectrum for all tested microorganism species. The results showed that MIC of leaf extract of Lepidium draba on Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was 128, 128, 128 and 128 mg/mL respectively. The results showed that MBC/MFC of leaf extract of Mocheh on the examined microorganisms was 256, 256, 256 and 256 mg/mL respectively. The values obtained for total flavonoid content and total phenolic contents were 22.13 µg/mL and 18.88 mg/mL, respectively. Measured value in the radical scavenging activity was IC50= 168/21 µL/mL. The results showed that Mocheh leaf aqueous extract is a novel source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Food Biotechnology
Sahar Roshanak; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Fakhri Shahidi; Farideh Tabatabaei Yazdi; Alireza Vasiee; Neda Norouzi
Abstract
In this research, the chlorophyll content, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Dandelion was determined. In addition, the effect of aqueous extract of Dandelion, obtained by maceration, was tested on various food borne and food spoilage ...
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In this research, the chlorophyll content, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Dandelion was determined. In addition, the effect of aqueous extract of Dandelion, obtained by maceration, was tested on various food borne and food spoilage microorganisms. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Dandelion was investigated using disk agar diffusion, well agar diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration methods. The values obtained for TFC, TPC, chlorophyll a and b were 22.82 (µg/mL), 116.89 (mg/mL), 0.081 (mg/l) and, 0.063 (mg/l), respectively. The result of the radical scavenging activity was IC50= 68.81µl/mL. The results showed that MIC of leaf extract of Dandelion on Aspergillus niger, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis was 512, 256, 256 and 64 mg/ml respectively. MBC for Aspergillus niger was more than 512, for Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus subtilis was 512, and for Staphylococcus epidermidis was 128mg/ml. In addition, the diameter of inhibitory growth zone in well diffusion method was more than disk diffusion. Generally, it can be stated that the aqueous leaf extract of Dandelion on Gram-positive bacteria showed more antimicrobial activity than Gram-negative bacteria, while there is no significant inhibition on mold. Based on the results of this study, Dandelion aqueous extract might be used as a natural agent to prevent the growth of food borne microorganisms, particularly, that cause food poisoning that leading to the reduction of gastroenteritis risk.
Food Biotechnology
Sara Momenzadeh; Hossein Jooyandeh; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Hassan Barzegar
Abstract
Introduction: Probiotics are live microorganisms, if consumed in enough quantity, they exert beneficial effects on human health owing to improvement of intestinal microbiota balance. In addition to the impact on gut microbiota, probiotics have important role on human physical and mental health. This ...
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Introduction: Probiotics are live microorganisms, if consumed in enough quantity, they exert beneficial effects on human health owing to improvement of intestinal microbiota balance. In addition to the impact on gut microbiota, probiotics have important role on human physical and mental health. This matter demonstrates the increasing emphasis on the consumption of diet based on probiotics in order to treat and prevent of different chronic diseases, particularly those related to stress and inflammation cases. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most common strains used as probiotics. They are useful member of gut microbiota and belong to generally regarded as safe (GRAS) microorganisms. Because of the numerous benefits of LAB, the probiotic potential of different strains of this group of bacteria has been assessed broadly. Although various commercial species of probiotics are available in the market, determination of new strains with individual properties is noteworthy. Therefore, this research was aimed to investigate the probiotic and antimicrobial potential of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from fermented food. Materials and methods: In the study,the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus fermentum including its resistance to acid (pH 2.5, 3.5 and 5.5) and bile salts (0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.2 and 3%) was studied. To evaluate the bile salts resistance, 100 μl of prepared microbial suspension was cultured on MRS Agar media containing bile salts. Plates were incubated at 37 ᵒC for 24 hrs under anaerobic condition. After incubation period, the plates were inspected for bacterial colonies observed by naked eyes. The antimicrobial activity was measured using “Lawn on the spot” method against Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The resistance of Lactobacillus fermentum was also assessed against commonly used antibiotic drugs (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, penicillin and gentamycin). Results and discussions: Results shown that although Lactobacillus fermentum was not able to grow at pH 2.5, its viability in the pH 3.5 and 5.5 was 92 and 99%, respectively. This strain had also adequate resistance against different bile salt concentrations. In the present research, the growth rate of the examined strains was gradually reduced as the bile salt concentration was increased; so that the higher and the lower growth rate was observed at 0.2 and 3% bile salt concentrations, respectively. Results shown that the tested Lactobacillus fermentum had acceptable bacteriostatic effect on the selected pathogenic bacteria. The inhibition zone diameter for Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 12.6, 20 and 11.1 mm, respectively. The maximum diameter of inhibition zone was found on gram positive Staphylococcus aureus. Lactobacillus fermentum was susceptible to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and penicillin and was semi-resistant to gentamycin (comparison with table CLSI). Based on the obtained results in this study, it may be illustrated that Lactobacillus fermentum had capability to tolerate the lower pH and different bile salt concentrations. This strain showed the proper proficiency to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, it was susceptible to commonly used antibiotic drugs and therefore there is no concern about the transfer of antibiotic resistant gens into pathogenic bacteria. Consequently, this strain may be used as a probiotic and a natural preservative in production of functional food products.
Food Biotechnology
Bahareh Majdi; Mohammad Amin Mehrnia; Hassan Barzegar; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
Abstract
Introduction: Antioxidants by Quenching free radicals and preventing lipid oxidation, retard spoilage, discoloration and rancidity of foods. Due to adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants such as carcinogenicity and liver injury, consumers’ attention toward natural antioxidants are increasing. ...
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Introduction: Antioxidants by Quenching free radicals and preventing lipid oxidation, retard spoilage, discoloration and rancidity of foods. Due to adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants such as carcinogenicity and liver injury, consumers’ attention toward natural antioxidants are increasing. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a medicinal plant frequently used in food industry and pharmacology. In this research, chemical composition, structure and type of bond, antioxidant capacity, total phenol, flavonoid and cytotoxic effect of Turmeric essential oil (TEO) on colorectal cancer cells (HT29) were investigated. Materials and methods: TEO was extracted using Clevenger apparatus by aqueous distillation method. To identify chemical composition, 1 µl essential oil was injected in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and essential oil composition and quantity were determined by comparing with standards. Functional groups and qualitative identification of turmeric essential oil were done using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in range of 500 – 4000 cm-1. Antioxidant capacity of TEO was determined suing ABTS, DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Total phenol and flavonoid were measured by colorimetric methods. MTT test was used to find cytotoxic concentrations of TEO on colorectal cancer cell line (HT29). Results and discussion: The 18 compounds identified in TEO accounted for 97.91% and the highest compound was turmerone by 40%. The other compounds were curlone, zingiberene and benzene with 34, 8.30 and 4.18% respectively. Infrared spectrum in range of 3600-3400 cm-1 (specially 3516 cm-1) and peaks at 2930, 1621, 1515 and 1447 cm-1 were due to stretching vibration of O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C bonds of aromatic ring and aromatic groups of curcuminoids. 1515 cm-1 peak was due to stretching vibration of C=O bond of sesquiterpenes (turmerone). Observed peaks at 1378 and 1308 cm-1 confirmed the presence of alkanes or bending vibrations of CH3 groups in curcuminoids (curcumin). Antioxidant potential of TEO according to DPPH and ABTS methods and β-carotene bleaching assay was 25.15, 93.90 and 72.76 %, respectively. Total phenol and flavonoid content of TEO were 38.91 mg GAE/g and 87.9 mg QE/g. The results showed that by increasing essential oil concentration from 3.125 to 200 mg/mL survival rate of HT29 changed from 66.76 to 9.88%.
Mohammad Hojjati; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
Abstract
Introduction: There is a remarkable interest in developing natural antimicrobial compounds of essential oils and plant extracts origin, due to the increase of bacterial resistance to common antibiotics. On the other hand, lipid oxidation in raw or processed materials leads to food rancidity and deterioration. ...
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Introduction: There is a remarkable interest in developing natural antimicrobial compounds of essential oils and plant extracts origin, due to the increase of bacterial resistance to common antibiotics. On the other hand, lipid oxidation in raw or processed materials leads to food rancidity and deterioration. In this way, synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are used to prolong the storage stability of food products. Nevertheless, the toxicologists and nutritionists have documented the side effects and potential toxic effects of synthetic antioxidants. Herbs contain a wide variety of phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoid, tannins and so forth. These bioactive compounds could be therefore used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents to suppress lipid oxidation and food spoilage. In this context, Allium jesdianum extracts were obtained and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated. Materials and methods: A. jesdianum was exposed to methanolic and aqueous maceration-based extraction methods to extract its bioactive compounds with positive biological activity. The extraction yield, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity (based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity), and antimicrobial activity (based on disc diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration methods) of the methanolic and aqueous extracts were evaluated and compared to each otherr. Results and discussion: The methanolic extract of A. jesdianum had higher extraction yield of 7.1±0.2% compared to the aqueous extract with 4.6±0.28% extraction yield, mainly due to the ability of methanol to extract both nonpolar and semi-polar compounds. The total phenolic compounds of the methanolic extract were also remarkably higher than the aqueous counterpart (88.28% vs. 68.29% mg gallic acid/g dried extract), indicating that the solvent type plays a significant role in extracting bioactive compounds. However, the aqueous extract was able to significantly scavenge DPPH and ABTS radicals compared to the methanolic extract. This means that the presence of phenolic compounds is not the only factor affecting the antioxidant activity of plant extracts. The bioactive extracts of A. jesdianum were able to suppress the growth of or kill the examined bacteria P. aeruginosa, E. coli, E. aerogenes, L. innocua, and S. pyogenes; and this effect was more pronounced in the methanolic extract. Therefore, A. jesdianum methanolic and aqueous extracts could be used as natural preservatives to improve the oxidative stability of food products rich in unsaturated fatty acids, and to inhibit the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, treat infections, and increase the safety of food products.
Hadi Tanavar; Hassan Barzegar; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Amin Mehrnia
Abstract
Introduction: Free radicals activity and their products of their oxidation can cause undesired feeling and nutritional effects such as, awful taste, destroying vitamins and destruction of essential fatty acids. These compounds which are toxic substances and damage the genetic material of cells causing ...
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Introduction: Free radicals activity and their products of their oxidation can cause undesired feeling and nutritional effects such as, awful taste, destroying vitamins and destruction of essential fatty acids. These compounds which are toxic substances and damage the genetic material of cells causing heart and cardio vascular diseases and different type of cancer. Antioxidats absorb free radicals, so they can decelerate oxidation speed, then delete them to save the body from undesirable effects. Pooneh which is called scientifically Mentha pulegium belongs to lamiaceae group. The aim of this study was evaluating chemical compounds, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and cytotoxicity of Mentha pulegium essential oil (MPEO) on cell line of colon and gut cancer. Materials and methods: In this study, after extraction of MPEO using condensation the essential oil chemical composition were identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was measured with radical inhibition ability method DPPH, ABTS and also their resistance against linoleic acid oxidation and changing β-carotene color, was considered. The evaluation of total phenolic composition was carried out using folin-ciocalteu method. To do this, the concentration of 1000, 10000, 1200 and 1400 of MPEO with alcohol was prepared. One mL of each concentration was added to 2.5mL of folin-ciocalteu reagent. After 2.5 minutes, 2ml sodium carbonate was added and mixed well. The rate of sample absorbtion after one hour was 725 nm. Determination of flavonoids range was done with aluminum chloride. MPEO cytotoxicity effects (1, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/ml) on colon cancer cell line (HT29) was performed using MTT method. In this method 30 mL of MTT solution with 5 mg/mL was add to all wells and maintain for 3 hours in carbon dioxide. After removing environment, 200µl DMSO was add to each well and the rate of absorbtion in 570 nm was read usingELISA/microplate reader device. Cell aliveness curve was drawn. Results and discussion: The results showed that MPEO had 25 compounds, dl-limonene 28.44%, D-carvone 18.76%, Eucalyptol 8.86% and pulegone 8.65% were the top components. The rata of Mentha pulegium free radicals control with DPPH and ABTS was 51.5% and 53.43% respectively. The amount of MPEO resistance against oxidation of linoleic acids and color changing in β-carotene was 59.22%. Total phenolic was equal to 73.35 mg gallic acid/ml. The cytotoxicity effects results showed, the percent of HT29 aliveness was 100, 70.21, 61.26, 51.98, 35.12, 24.44, 18.65 and 10.92 respectively. Based on the results, increasing in MPEO concentration, caused increasing in HT29 cell line and decreasing percentage of aliveness. The most cells toxicity was in 200 mg/mL and the less was in 1 mg/mL.According to the results, in this study MPEO had suitable antioxidant activity, so we can use Mentha pulegium as an alternative for synthesis preservatives in food industry.
Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Fakhri Shahidi
Abstract
Introduction: Meat and meat products undergo chemical and microbial spoilage during production, transportation, storage and consumption. Antimicrobial edible coatings containing natural herbal extracts and essential oil possess various benefits and are currently used to design novel active biodegradable ...
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Introduction: Meat and meat products undergo chemical and microbial spoilage during production, transportation, storage and consumption. Antimicrobial edible coatings containing natural herbal extracts and essential oil possess various benefits and are currently used to design novel active biodegradable packaging. Natural polysaccharides are considered as potentially good candidates to fabricate edible coatings and provide a shelf life extender. There are no researches in the literature concerning the potential effect of Carum copticum essential oil (CCEO) enriched Scutellaria lateriflora seed mucilage (SLSM) based edible coatings on the quality and shelf life of lamb during refrigeration storage. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the inhibitory effect of CCEO loaded SLSM edible coating towards lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage of lamb during cold storage conditions. Materials and methods: In this study, SLSM was extracted from whole seeds using hot-water extraction. Edible coating was prepared by dissolving 2 g of the extracted SLSM and 0.1 g of Tween 80 in 100 mL of sterilized distilled water. The mixture was stirred and heated for 2 h. Afterwards, CCEO was added to the SLSM solution at 0, 1, 1.5, and 2%, and the obtained solution was used as an antimicrobial coating for extending the shelf-life of lamb slices. The control and the coated lamb samples were analyzed periodically for microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic count, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and fungi), chemical (peroxide value and pH), and sensory characteristics (color, odor and overall acceptability). Results and discussion: SLSM extended the microbial shelf life of lamb by 3 days, whereas SLSM + 1% CCEO, SLSM + 1.5% CCEO and SLSM + 2% CCEO resulted in a significant shelf life extension of the lamb by 6, 6, and 6 days, respectively as compared to the control samples. The results demonstrate that the EO-rich edible coating functions as an oxygen barrier and, in turn, limits the growth of most important and aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria, i.e. Pseudomonas species, which are mainly responsible for the fresh lamb spoilage under aerobic conditions. The results showed that the pH of lamb coated with SLSM and samples containing CCEO was lower than the control. The results showed that the peroxide value in the control sample increased from 0.4 to 9.7 meq oxygen/kg during 9 days of refrigerated storage. Based on the finding of this study, the use of CCEO-loaded coating manifestly lowered the meat lipid oxidation. The resultant edible coating manifestly improved the shelf life of lamb through suppressing microbial spoilage and inhibiting lipid oxidation. The coating containing 2% CCEO conferred good quality characteristics to the lamb and expanded its refrigeration shelf life.
Mohammad Noshad; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Parisa Ghasemi
Abstract
In this study, the effect of thermal treatments (roasting and autoclave) and non-thermal treatments (soaking and germination) on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and bioavailability of minerals of chia seed was evaluated. Results showed thermal treatments increased ...
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In this study, the effect of thermal treatments (roasting and autoclave) and non-thermal treatments (soaking and germination) on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and bioavailability of minerals of chia seed was evaluated. Results showed thermal treatments increased the total phenolic content in samples such that the total phenolic content increased from 0.95± 0.1 mg (GAE/g) (control sample) to1.32± 0.12 mg (GAE/g) (roasted sample) and 1.11± 0.1 mg (GAE/g) (autoclaved sample). Soaking reduced the total phenolic content in samples while germination increased the amount of total phenolic content in the samples. Using the roasting treatment had no significant impact on the total flavonoid content of samples, while using the autoclave, soaking and germination treatments reduced the total flavonoid content of samples. Roasting and autoclaving increased the antioxidant activity of samples while soaking reduces the amount of antioxidant activity among the samples and germination had no considerable effect on the antioxidant activity of samples. Moreover, germination treatment increased the macro and micro elements of minerals in samples. Thermal treatment (roasting) had no significant impact on the amount of minerals and only increased the Fe2+ in samples. FTIR Spectra showed thermal treatment reduced the amount of polysaccharide (1740 -1750 cm-1) and protein /lipid (2800-3000 cm-1) in samples.
Negin Zangeneh; Hassan Barzegar; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Amin Mehrnia
Abstract
Introduction: Spirulina platensis belongs to the Division of Cyanobacteria and the family of Oscillatoriaceae. It is autotroph and photo-synthesizer and can be reproduced through double cell division. Spirulina platensis is a filamentous blue-green multi-cellular microalgae naturally occurring in the ...
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Introduction: Spirulina platensis belongs to the Division of Cyanobacteria and the family of Oscillatoriaceae. It is autotroph and photo-synthesizer and can be reproduced through double cell division. Spirulina platensis is a filamentous blue-green multi-cellular microalgae naturally occurring in the tropical and alkaline lakes of America, Mexico, Asia and central Africa. It contains unique and extraordinary nutrients which can be used in the production of functional foods. Among bakery and flour products, cake has a relatively high diversity and long shelf-life and is famous among a variety of people, especially children. Since the knowledge associated with the enrichment of sponge cake, as a popular product among different communities (in particular, children) is limited, the aim of the present research is to produce a sponge cake enriched with spirulina platensis, and to examine its nutritional, physicochemical and sensory properties. Materials and methods: In this research, the effect of Spirulina platensis at four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) was investigated on the nutritional properties (protein, fat, iron, zinc and copper contents), physicochemical properties (moisture content, pH, total phenol content, antioxidant potential, textural properties and color indices) and sensory attributes (odor, color, texture, flavor and taste, chewiness and total acceptance) of the sponge cake samples prepared with wheat flour. Results and discussion: Results showed that algae powder was rich in protein (56.33%) and iron (13.18 ppm). The addition of Spirulina platensis to the sponge cake caused reduction in its moisture content during storage (days 1, 5 and 10). The results also revealed that the different levels of algae addition brought about significant differences in the moisture content of the samples (p<0.05). The results also indicated that the protein, fat and mineral contents as well as other nutritional properties of the sponge cake increased as the algae content was elevated. The total phenol content of the cake samples was also raised with an increase in the algae powder level, compared with the control. This could be attributed to the large amounts of phytochemical and biological active substances such as flavonoids, sterols and other phenolic compounds. The results demonstrated that the porosity values of the control and the sample containing 1.5% of the algae were not significantly (p<0.05) different. The percentage of porosity was equal to 24.94, 37.99, 33.39 and 27.81 in the control and the samples containing 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of Spirulina platensis. Overall, the sample with 0.5% of the algae and the control had the highest and lowest porosity percentage respectively. As the algae level rose, the textural parameters (hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess) of the sponge cake increased on days 1, 5 and 10 of the storage period. The colorimetry results showed that the effect of Spirulina platensis was significant (p<0.05) on color parameters (L*, a* and b*). Sensory evaluation revealed that the sponge cake with 0.5% of the microalgae was the most acceptable among the samples. The green color of the cake crumb was attractive to the panelists and a comparison between the total sensory scores indicated that the incorporation of Spirulina platensis into the sponge cake was desirable from the panelists` points of view. The results of this study demonstrated that the addition of Spirulina platensis to sponge cake for the enrichment of this product, caused an increase in its protein and mineral contents, antioxidant potential, in addition to other functional ingredients naturally occurring in this algae. The results revealed that different levels of this algae (0.5, 1, and 1.5%) did not significantly affect the cake texture, however, had a significant impact on its color. Incorporation of Spirulina platensis into sponge cake reduced its L*, a* and b*, which was highly noticed by the panelists. Therefore, it can be declared that enrichment of sponge cake, as a popular product among different people of societies, particularly children, is a desirable and easy way of transferring the useful and valuable compounds of this algae to human.
Marzieh Omidi Mirzaei; Mohammad Hojjati; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Mohammad Noshad
Abstract
Introduction: Essential oils and secondary metabolites of plants have too many uses in medicine as well as food and hygiene industries. The herbal essential oils include different health features including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Several forms of the activated oxygen, also known as ...
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Introduction: Essential oils and secondary metabolites of plants have too many uses in medicine as well as food and hygiene industries. The herbal essential oils include different health features including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Several forms of the activated oxygen, also known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), include free radicals and non-free radical species. In traditional Iranian medicine, coriander seeds are widely used to treat the disease. The objectives of this paper were to identify the chemical compounds and to measure the phenol content and the antioxidant potential of coriander seed essential oil in addition to its free radical scavenging activity. The other aim of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial of coriander seed essential oil on Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa “in vitro”. Materials and methods: In this research, the coriander seed essential oil (100 g) was extraction using water-distillation method with clevenger apparatus. Afterwards, coriander seed essential oil was collected in vials which had already been weighed by a 0.0001 balance and stored at 4 °C until testing. Chemical composition of coriander seed essential oil was determined using gas chromatography. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) di-ammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicles, respectively. The method of Folin-Ciocalteu was performed through determination of TPC. The result was reported as mg of gallic acid/g of the dried coriander seed essential oil. The antioxidant potential of the essential oil was compared with BHA synthetic antioxidant at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. Antibacterial activity of coriander essential oil was determined by disc diffusion agar (Kirby-Bauer test), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Results and discussion: Based on the results of chemical analysis, the coriander seed essential oil was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (89.94%). The main compound of coriander seed essential oil was Linalool (76.75%). The highest percentage of free radical scavenging for DPPH was 53.5% and for ABTS 66.6% at 900 ppm concentration. The total phenol content essential oil was 38.04 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g. The result show that, the most sensitive and the most resistant bacteria with diameter inhibition zone 30.30 mm and 23.15 mm were Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi respectively. MIC of coriander seed essential oil for Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 2, 4, 4 and 4 mg/ml respectively. MBC of coriander seed essential oil for Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 512, > 512, > 512 and 512 mg/ml respectively. In general, the results indicated that the coriander seed essential oil was effective on microorganisms; nevertheless, the extent of its effectiveness varied depending on the type of microorganism. The gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive to essential oil rather than gram-negative ones. The higher resistance of gram-negative bacteria to the essential oils of medicinal plants could be attributed to the more complex structure of the cell membrane of these bacteria compared with the single layer structure of the gram-positive ones. The results of this study revealed that coriander seed essential oil had less antioxidant activity than synthetic antioxidant BHA. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil was higher than the gentamicin antibiotic. Regarding the chemical compositions identified in the coriander seed essential oil, these compositions could be employed as an important economical source uses in medicine as we as food and hygiene industries.
Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani; Ali Alghooneh; Farideh Tabatabaei Yazdi; Fakhri Shahidi; Mohebbat Mohebbi
Abstract
Introduction: Avicennia marina, commonly known as gray or white mangrove, is a specie of mangrove tree classified in the plant family Acanthaceae. It is distributed along Africa's east coast, south-west, south and south-east Asia, and southern Iran along the Persian Gulf coast. It grows as a shrub or ...
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Introduction: Avicennia marina, commonly known as gray or white mangrove, is a specie of mangrove tree classified in the plant family Acanthaceae. It is distributed along Africa's east coast, south-west, south and south-east Asia, and southern Iran along the Persian Gulf coast. It grows as a shrub or tree to a height of three to ten meters. Mixture design is one of the most popular smart systems which is based on simulation of linear and non-linear systems using mathematical and statistical techniques, and a useful tool for dealing with completely unknown systems. Chemical preservatives are commonly used for inhibition of pathogens in foods, people are concerned about the side effects of preservatives on their health. Replacement of chemical preservatives with natural substances have a great importance in food preservation. Natural preservatives, as well as, essential oils and plant extracts are suitable alternatives for chemical preservatives. The main purposes of this study are the evaluation of the effects of different combinations of four solvents (water, ethanol, methanol and glycerin) on the efficiency of mangrove leaf extraction using response surface method with mixture optimal design, the optimization of solvent formulation for mangrove leaf extraction, and, finally, the evaluation of the in vitro inhibitory and bactericidal effects of mangrove leaf extract on Listeria innocua ATTC33090 ، Enterococcus faecium ATTC 51559 and Escherichia coli ATTC 25992.Materials and method:Fresh mangrove leaves were prepared from Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran, in August 2012. Water, ethanol, methanol and glycerin extracts were prepared by adding 50 g of powdered mangrove leaf to 250 mL of the solvent. Extraction was carried out for 48h, in ambient temperature. The mixture of extract and leaf powder was separated by Watman filter paper, then the filtrate was centrifuged in 3000g for 10 minutes and filtered using a 0.45 µm Millipore filter. Finally, in order to separate the solvent and concentrated extract, the solutions were evaporated using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The concentrated extract was stored in dark aluminum containers at 4°C. In this study, the effects of water, ethanol, methanol and glycerin at five levels (0, 31.25, 83.33, 125 and 250 ml) on efficiency of mangrove leaf extraction by mixture optimal design has been investigated. Modeling and optimization has been carried out by Scheffe polynomial. The antimicrobial activity of mangrove leaf extract was evaluated using disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mangrove leaf extract was determined using serial dilution tubes. For each extraction method (based on solvent, Water, Ethanol, Methanol and Glycerin), 8 serial concentrations (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 mg/mL) and 1 control tube of mangrove leaf extract were prepared in Mueller-Hinton broth. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of mangrove leaf extract was determined using serial dilution tubes.Results and Discussion:The Results indicated that Scheffe polynomial model was highly significant for prediction of efficiency of mangrove leaf extraction (R2 and R2adj values equal to 0.940 and 0.8447, respectively and The lack-of-fit tests did not result in a significant, also F-value (14.62) indicated that the model is sufficiently accurate). The optimum formulation was found as following: glycerin (0 ml), water (28.22 ml), methanol (59.83ml) and ethanol (161.95 ml) respectively. Maximum of antimicrobial effect on Listeria innocua and highest resistance against mangrove leaf extract on Escherichia coli were observed. Increasing concentration of mangrove extracts had a significant effect (p< .05) on inhibition zone diameter. This may have been resulted from the increment of the solvent polarity associated with glycerin increase. In order to study the mentioned hypothesis, Pearson Square statistical test was used to determine the correlation between the extraction rate and polarity. The results showed that a significant (P≤0.05) and inverse relationship between the extraction rate and polarity of the solvent. Moreover, in order to check the accuracy of the model fitted on the data obtained from mangrove leaf extraction rate the goodness of fit was investigated using both coefficient of determination (R2) and lack of fit test. A 94% coefficient of determination and lack of significance (P≤0.05) for lack of fit test suggested that Schef model could accurately fitt the data and predict it The results of this study showed that Schef polynomial and numerical optimization using mixture design method were suitable to fit efficiency of mangrove leaf extraction and solvent formulation optimization data, respectively. According to the results, the optimized solvent formulation was glycerin (0 mL), water (28.22 mL) and ethanol (161.95 mL). Conclusion: Finally, the results showed that mangrove leaf extract had a notable antimicrobial effect on the studied strains “in vitro”. More “in vivo” studies seem to be required in order to determine the best extract dosage which leads to inhibition of microbial infection.
Farideh Tabatabaei Yazdi; Mohebbat Mohebbi; Seyed Ali Mortazavi; Arash Ghaitaranpour; Behrooz Alizadeh Behbahani
Abstract
The effects of a couple of factors (cooking period of wheat: 0, 1 and 3.5 h and temperature of drying 70, 80 and 90 ْC) on drying behavior of Tarkhineh during hot-air drying has been investigated. Tarkhineh pill samples with 8 cm diameter and 11 mm thickness were dried to 0.64(d.b). Results showed that ...
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The effects of a couple of factors (cooking period of wheat: 0, 1 and 3.5 h and temperature of drying 70, 80 and 90 ْC) on drying behavior of Tarkhineh during hot-air drying has been investigated. Tarkhineh pill samples with 8 cm diameter and 11 mm thickness were dried to 0.64(d.b). Results showed that cooking of wheat led to higher water absorption of Tarkhineh dough, while increased drying rate. On the other hand, increasing drying temperature resulted in higher drying rate of samples. The effects of temperature on drying rate was pronounced in raw samples compared to cooked ones, which could be attributed to the cracking in the cooked samples during drying . Drying kinetics of Tarkhineh in raw samples unlike cooked samples presented a falling rate period followed by a constant rate period. The effective moisture diffusion coefficient of Tarkhineh varied between 1.611E-10 & 7.822E-10 (m2/s)) for the given temperature range) and corresponding activation energy was between 37.928 and 17.941(kJ/mol) respectively.
