Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1 University of Tabriz
2 Professor of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
The high hydrophilic property of biopolymer based plastics is one of the most important defects of them. Blending biopolymers with compatible synthetic polymers and using nano particles such as nanoclay as nanofiller are improving methods that have been extensively considered in recent years. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the lowest cost biopolymers that have enormous applications in different industries and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic polymer which has a high compatibility with biopolymers. In this research, CMC-PVA nanocomposites containing 3-10% Montmorillonite (W/W CMC) were prepared by casting method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated the formation of an exfoliated nanostructure in all MMT content samples. Nanocomposites containing 10% MMT exhibited 29.06% reduction in water vapor permeability (WVP) compared to the blend film without nanoclay. Samples with 10% MMT, showed the lowest surface hydrophilisity (contact angle = 65.1o). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicate that by increasing of MMT contents, the glass transition disappeared gradually and no glass transition was observed in the thermograms of the films containing 5, 7 and 10% MMT.
Keywords
Abolghasemi fakhri, L., Ghanbarzadeh, B., Dehghannia, J. & Entezami, A.A., 2012, The Effects of Montmorillonite and Cellulose Nanocrystals on Physical Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Polyvinyl Alcohol Blend Films. Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology, 24(6), 455-466.
Ahola, S., Salmi, J., Johansson, L.S., Laine, J. & Österberg, M., 2008, Model films from native cellulose nanofibrils; preparation, swelling, and surface interactions. Biomacromolecules, 9, 1273-1282.
Almasi, H., Ghanbarzadeh, B. & Entezami, A.A., 2010, Physicochemical properties of starch-CMC-nanoclay biodegradable films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 46, 1-5.
ASTM. 1995. Standard test methods for water vapor transmission of material. E96-95. Annual book of ASTM, Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
Ayranci, E. & Tunc, S., 2001, The effect of fatty acid content on water vapor and carbon dioxide transmissions of cellulose-based edible films. Food Chemistry, 72, 231-236.
Bondeson, D. & Oksman, K., 2007, Polylactic acid/cellulose whisker nanocomposites modified by polyvinyl alchol. Composites part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 38(12), 2486-2492.
Casariego, A., Souza, B.W.S., Cerqueira, M.A., Teixeira, J.A., Cruz, L., Diaz, R. & Vicente, A.A., 2009, Chitosan/clay films’ properties as affected by biopolymer and clay micro/nanoparticles’ concentrations. Food Hydrocolloids, in press paper.
Chen, L., Imam, S.H., Gordon, S.H. & Greene, R.V., 1997, Starch- polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked film- performance and biodegradation. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation, 5(2), 111-117.
Cho, M.S., Choi, S.H., Nam, J.D. & Lee, Y., 2004. Preparation and mechanical properties of nanocomposite of cellulose diacetate/mentmorillonite. Polymer (Korea), 28, 551-555.
Choi, Y. & Simonsen, J., 2006, Cellulose nanocrystal-filled carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposites. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 6(3), 633-639.
Cyras, V.P., Manfredi, L.B., Ton, T.M. & Vazquez, A., 2008, Physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposite films. Journal of Carbohydrate Polymers, 73, 55-63.
Dean, K.M., Do, M.D., Petinakis, E. & Yu, L., 2008, Key interactions in biodegradable thermoplastic starch/poly (vinyl alcohol)/montmorillonite micro- and nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology, 68, 1453-1462.
Debeaufort, F. & Voilley, A., 1997, Carboxymethylcellulose-based edible films and coatings: 2. Mechanical and thermal properties as a function of plasticizer content. Journal of Food Engineering, 61, 459-466.
Delhom, C.D., White-ghoorahoo, L.A. & Pang, S.S., 2009, Development and characterization of cellulose/clay nanocomposites. Composites: Part B, xxx-xxx.
Flieger, M., Kantorova, M., Prell, A., Rezanka, T. & Votruba, J., 2003, Biodegradable plastics from renewable sources. Folia Microbiologica, 48(1), 27-44.
Follain, N., Joly, C., Dole, P. & Bliard, C., 2005, Properties of starch based blends. Part 2. Influence of poly vinyl alcohol addition and photocrosslinking on starch based materials mechanical properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 60,185-192.
Ghanbarzadeh, B., Oromiehi, A.R. & Razmi Rad, E., 2008, Studies on glass transition temperature of mono and bilayer Protein Films plasticized by glycerol and olive oil. Journal of Applied Polymer, 109(5), 2848-2854.
Ganbarzadeh, B., Almasi, H. & Entezami, A.A., 2010, Physical properties of edible modified starch / carboxymethyl cellulose films. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 1-30.
Ghanbarzadeh, B. & Almasi, H., 2011, Physical properties of edible emulsified films based on carboxymethyl cellulose and oleic acid. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 48, 44-49.
Gontard, N. & Guilbert, S., 1994a, Biopackaging; food packaging and preservation, Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
Gontard, N. & Guilbert, S., 1994b, Biopackaging: technology and properties of edible and/or biodegradable material of agricultural origin. In: Mathlouthi, M. ed. Food packaging and preservation. Blackie Academic and Professional. London.
Gupta, R.K. & Bhattacharya, S.N., 2008, Polymer-clay nanocomposites: current status and challenges. Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers, 50(3), 242-267.
Huang, M. & Yu, J., 2006, Structure and properties of thermoplastic corn starch/clay nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 99, 170-176.
Lu, Ch. & Mai, Y.W., 2007, Permeability modeling of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Composite Science and Technology, 67, 2895-2902.
Mao, L., Imam, S., Gordon, S., Cinelli, P. & Chiellini, E., 2000, Extruded cornstarch- glycerol-polyvinyl alcohol blends: Mechanical properties, morphology, and biodegradability. Journal of Polymers and Environment, 8(4), 205-211.
Mc Glashan, S.A. & Halley, P.J., 2003, Preparation and characterization of biodegradable starch-based nanocomposite materials. Polymer International, 52, 1767-1773.
Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M. & Hinrichsen, G., 2000, Biofibres, biodegradable polymer and composites: An overview. Journal of Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 276/277, 1–24.
Morgan, A.B. & Gilman, J.W., 2003, Characterization of poly-layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction: a comparative study. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 87, 1329- 1338.
Otey, F., Mark, A., Mehltretter, C. & Russell, C., 1974, Starch-based film for degradable agricultural mulch. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development, 13, 90-95.
Park, H.J., Weller, C.L., Vergano, P.J. & Testin, R.F., 1993, Permeability and mechanical properties of cellulose based edible films. Journal of Food Science, 58(6), 1361-1364.
Park, H.M., Li, X., Un, C.Z., Park, C.Y., Cho, W.J. & Ha, C.S., 2002, Preparation and properties of biodegradable thermoplastic starch/clayhybrids. Macromolecule Materials and Engineering, 287, 553-558.
Park, H.M., Lee, W.K., Park, C.Y., Cho, W.J. & Ha, C.S., 2003, Environmentally friendly polymer hybrids. 1. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of thermoplastic starch/clay nanocomposites. Journal of Material Science, 38, 909-915.
Park, H.M., Liang, X., Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M. & Drzal, L.T., 2004, Effect of compatibilizer on nanostructure of the biodegradable cellulose acetate/organoclay nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 37, 9076-9082.
Rhim, J.W., & Perry, K.W.N., 2007, Natural biopolymer-based nanocomposite films for packaging applications. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 47, 411-433.
Simon, J., Muller, H.P., Koch, R. & Muller, V., 1998, Thermoplastic and biodegradable polymers of cellulose. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 59, 107-115.
Sorrentino, A., Gorrasi, G. & Vittoria, V., 2007, Potential perspectives of bionanocomposites for food packaging applications. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 18, 84-95.
Tang, X., 2008, Use of extrusion for synthesis of starch-clay nanocomposites for biodegradable packaging films. PhD thesis, Food science institute, College of agriculture, Kansas state university.
Tunc, S., Angellier, H., Cahyana, Y., Chalier, P., Gontard, N. & Gastaldi, E., 2007, Functional properties of wheat gluten/montmorillonite nanocomposite films processed by casting. Journal of Membrane Science, 289, 159-168.
Vaia, R.A. & Giannelis, E.P., 2001, Liquid crystal polymer nanocomposites: direct intercalation of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers into layered silicates. Polymer, 42, 1281-1285.
Wang, Y., Rakotonirainy, A.M. & Padua, G.W., 2003, Thermal behavior of zein-based biodegradable films. Starch, 32, 25-29.
Wilhelm, H.M., Sierakowski, M.R., Souza, G.P. & Wypych, F., 2003, Starch films reinforced with mineral clay. Carbohydrate Polymer, 52, 101-110.
Xu, Y., Zhou, J. & Hanna, M.A., 2005, Melt-intercalation starch acetate nanocomposite forms as affected by type of organoclay. Cereal Chemical, 82, 105-110.
Yano, K., Usuki, A. & Okada, A.J., 1997, Synthesis and properties of polyimideclay hybrid films. Polymer Science, 35, 89-94.
Zhiqiang, L., Yi, F. & Xiao-su, Y., 1999, Thermoplastic starch/pval compounds: preparation, processing, and properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 74, 2667-2673.
)
Send comment about this article