Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
2 Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center province, Fars, Iran
Abstract
Introduction
Foams are colloidal systems that are formed by the accumulation of gas bubbles separated from each other by thin liquid layers. Foams have attracted a lot of attention from the food industry and culinary arts due to their unique flavor and texture properties. Marshmallows are an aerated confectionery product that is mainly prepared from gelatin (as a foaming and gelling agent), sugar solution (including glucose syrup and sugar), flavoring, and coloring agents. Gelatins are amphiphilic macromolecules and are obtained from hydrolyzed collagens. Gelatin is a quite digestible protein and contains all essential amino acids except tryptophan. The simplest way to produce gelatin is to convert collagen into gelatin by denaturing or breaking down the collagen molecule to make it soluble in water. This process generally involves an acidic, alkaline, or enzymatic pretreatment. In food applications, gelatin can act as a foaming agent, emulsifier, biodegradable film former, colloidal stabilizer, and microencapsulating agent. Due to health, religious, and economic restrictions on the consumption of gelatin from mammals, other sources for gelatin production must have characteristics such as high amounts of by-product availability (Because continuous production in the industry is an essential economic issue) and a value close to the rheological properties of mammalian gelatin in order to be considered as a alternative suitable source for replacement. Hence, poultry by-products can be investigated as a new source of gelatin extraction.
Materials and Methods
In this study, gelatin was extracted, from chicken feet using an acidic method. The gelatin production process consists of three main steps: pretreatment of raw materials, gelatin extraction, purification, and drying. Gelatin of chicken feet was used in the marshmallow product at two levels of 6 and 8 percent. Physicochemical properties of gelatin including moisture, color, gel strength, rheology, fat, protein, and ash were analyzed. In the evaluation of the marshmallow, textural components, rheology, electron microscopy, differential thermal scanning, and sensory evaluation (Appearance, color, aroma, sweetness, texture, hardness, and gumminess) were determined. The sensory evaluation was conducted on a five-point hedonic scale. Statistical analysis of this study was performed with Duncan's multiple range test using SPSS software.
Result and Discussion
In the physicochemical analysis of gelatin extracted from chicken feet, the protein content was 78.27±0.445, fat 10±2, ash 47.6±0.46 and moisture 70.12±0.28%. In the frequency sweep test, the storage modulus was always higher than the loss modulus, indicating the high strength and viscoelastic behavior of gelatin at a given strain. In evaluating the flow behavior of gelatin obtained from chicken feet, the viscosity of the sample decreased with increasing shear rate, indicating the shear-thinning behavior of gelatin. Adding 8% gelatin to the marshmallow sample significantly increased the hardness, gumminess, and texture adhesion indices. The Overran in the sample contained 8% gelatin was 40, and the marshmallow contained 6% gelatin was 30. The presence of more protein has a positive effect on the process of reducing surface tension, and more proteins, with the polar parts of the molecule is opened towards the water, are absorbed at the interface, creating a stabilizing layer around the bubbles, which causes more foam to form and increases overran. There was no significant difference between the samples in moisture, water activity, and color a, b indices. In terms of sensory parameters of sweetness, texture firmness, gumminess, and overall acceptance, the 8% gelatin sample was given the lowest score. In the applied frequency range, the G' modulus in all samples was higher than the G" modulus, indicating viscoelastic behavior and gel strength at a definite strain. In all samples, the complex viscosity decreases linearly with increasing applied frequency, reflecting the shear-thinning behavior of the samples. Marshmallow consisting of 6% gelatin was determined as the selected formulation in terms of physicochemical, rheological, and sensory evaluation properties.
Conclusion
Based on the results obtained from this research and In order to optimally utilize chicken waste, this innovation can be used to produce health-oriented and cost-effective product.
Keywords
Main Subjects
©2025 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
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