Full Research Paper
Food Chemistry
Atena Modiri Dovom; Akram Arianfar; Sara Naji-Tabasi; Vahid Hakimzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Mayonnaise is one of the products which is widely used in most countries. This product, apart from the taste Desirable as a seasoning It creates in food, an effective role in providing nutrients And it has the necessary energy for humans. dietary mayonnaise, The food product is semi-solid ...
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Introduction: Mayonnaise is one of the products which is widely used in most countries. This product, apart from the taste Desirable as a seasoning It creates in food, an effective role in providing nutrients And it has the necessary energy for humans. dietary mayonnaise, The food product is semi-solid or liquid that from emulsification Fat substitutes and vegetable oils With vinegar and other additives are prepared And has less energy and fat It consists of mayonnaise and salad dressing. Fat has the most calories (9 kcal/g) compared to Protein and carbohydrates (4 kcal/g) provides.Mayonnaise is an oil-in-water emulsion And due to having high amounts of fat It causes cardiovascular diseases It is found in consumers. If used from lower amounts of oil To create texture Suitable for use Thickeners It occurs in mayonnaise Gums are part of Construction formula are Most sauces. Due to the great desire To consume low-fat products And also the wide use of this sauce Production of low-fat mayonnaise is important. The purpose of this research Production of reduced fat mayonnaise Using stabilized nano emulsion It is with casein complex Pickering and Gadomeh Shirazi gum.materials and methods : Mayonnaise with reduced oil Contains 30, 40 and 50 percent Pickering emulsion replacement oil respectively at the level of 42, 32 and 22 percent produced and compared with the control sample. Centrifugal and time stability tests, Textural features, Color characteristics, morphology, Organoleptic properties Sauce samples were evaluated.Results and Discussion : The results showed As the replacement percentage increases Nano emulsion containing Pickering particles and reducing the percentage of fat in mayonnaise Emulsion stability She found her mayonnaise sauce Although at a replacement level of 30% nano emulsion, this decrease in stability was not significant(P<0.05). In the time stability test Low-fat mayonnaise with an increase in the percentage of nano emulsion replacement, After 90 days significant difference between the control sample and mayonnaise No significant difference was observed with oil reduced by 30 and 40%. In the colorimetry test It showed that among the factors L*. a*. b Statistically with the sample There was a significant difference.(P≤0/05). brightness In the witness sample, it was 48/85 In connection with RFM50% The least complex of particles Gadomeh Shirazi gum and casein protein and in relation to RFM30% The most complex of particles Gadomeh Shirazi gum and casein were used. Due to the presence of nanoemulsion Contains complex particles Gadomeh Shirazi gum particles and protein. The brightness has decreased In general, from the RFM50% sampleUp to RFM 30% samples simultaneous with increasing amount of nanoemulsion and reduce the amount of fat The brightness is reduced.Conclusion: By replacing the nano emulsion and reducing the amount of fat in the structure of the sauce The amount of tissue stiffness decreased and pheneritis increased. The sensory test of the samples showed, The witness sample has the most general acceptance But there is a significant difference between the samples There was no reduced-fat mayonnaise with the control. Investigating the characteristics of mayonnaise with Reduced fat using Nanoemulsion stabilized with Complex Pickerings Casein and Shirazi Gadomeh gum The results showed that with the increase Reduce the amount of oil up to 30%, Sensory and texture characteristics in a meaningful way decreased. But oil reduction up to 50% in the presence of Pickering nanoemulsion Preserve textural features and promoted in some cases. All emulsions produced of favorable stability During storage and centrifugation had. Best stability in control and sample RFM-30% was observed. Based on the results, Use of nanoemulsion Maintains quality characteristics Mayonnaise with oil Especially reduced In the sample RFM 30%, it was.Also note to the point that Pickering emulsion structure In the digestive system High stability against digestion, is hope Pickering nanoemulsion structure in the production of food products Various low-fat items be investigated further.
Full Research Paper
Food Biotechnology
Soheyl Reyhani Poul; sakineh Yeganeh; Reza Safari
Abstract
Introduction: One of the synthetic and harmful preservatives used in sausage is sodium nitrite. Sodium nitrite in meat products helps to increase the storage period and marketability of the product by preventing the growth of anaerobic bacteria, especially clostridiums, exerting an antioxidant effect, ...
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Introduction: One of the synthetic and harmful preservatives used in sausage is sodium nitrite. Sodium nitrite in meat products helps to increase the storage period and marketability of the product by preventing the growth of anaerobic bacteria, especially clostridiums, exerting an antioxidant effect, stabilizing the red color of the meat and improving the taste. Besides these benefits, sodium nitrite is very dangerous for health and it can cause malignant diseases. For this reason, it is necessary to replace this substance with a natural preservative. Pigments extracted from aquatics such as astaxanthin with antioxidant activity, antimicrobial properties and pink color may be a good substitute for sodium nitrite. But these pigments must be nanoencapsulated first due to their sensitivity to food production conditions, including high temperature. The aim of the current research at the first is to extract astaxanthin from Haematococcus microalgae by acid-acetone method and pigment nanoencapsulation with maltodextrin-caseinate combination coating. Then, the nanocapsules produced with different proportions will replace sodium nitrite in the sausage formulation, and oxidative and microbial spoilage tests, color and sensory evaluation will be performed for different treatments.Materials and Methods: First, astaxanthin pigment was extracted from Haematococcus microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) using acid-acetone technique. Then, the extracted pigment was nanoencapsulated with maltodextrin-sodium caseinate combined coating and the resulting nanocapsules in the form of treatments A (120 mg/kg sodium nitrite), B (120 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin), C (90 mg/kg sodium nitrite+30 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin), D (60 mg/kg sodium nitrite+60 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin) and E (30 mg/kg sodium nitrite+90 mg/kg nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin) replaced sodium nitrite in the sausage formulation. These treatments were evaluated in terms of oxidative spoilage, microbial spoilage, color indices and sensory properties during 28 days of storage at refrigerator temperature along with the control (without sodium nitrite and nanocapsules). This research was conducted in a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and the difference between the means was evaluated by Duncan's test at 95% confidence level. Results and Discussion: According to the results, the lowest levels of thiobarbituric acid and peroxide value during the storage period were related to B, E and D (p>0.05) treatments (p<0.05). A and C treatments had no significant difference in terms of thiobarbituric acid and peroxide until day 14 (p>0.05), but with the passage of time this difference became significant and treatment A showed higher values (p<0.05). The results of this section showed that the power of astaxanthin in controling with oxidative spoilage is significantly greater than that of sodium nitrite, and if the purpose is only to control this type of spoilage, there is no need to replace or use sodium nitrite. The results showed that in the field of controlling microbial spoilage, sodium nitrite has more power than nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin. So that, the lowest amount of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and the most standardized pH were related to treatments A, C and D (p>0.05) during the storage period (p<0.05). B and E Treatments (p>0.05) were ranked next (p<0.05). The results of this section showed that if from 120 mg/kg sodium nitrite to 60 mg/kg is replaced with astaxanthin carrying nanocapsules in the sausage formulation, the resulting product has the same antimicrobial power as product containing 120 mg/kg sodium nitrite. Evaluation of the color and sensory properties of treatments showed that A, C and D treatments are at a higher level than treatments B and E and the control in terms of color indices and general acceptance (p<0.05). Comparison of the color and sensory properties of the treatments on days 0 and 28 of storage at refrigerator temperature showed that the color and sensory indices remained constant in the formulated treatments, unlike the control.Conclusions: Nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin with combined maltodextrin-sodium caseinate coating as a natural product with many properties in health, control and prevention of various diseases, have a high efficiency to replace the harmful sodium nitrite preservative in sausage formulation. So that, if 30 to 60 mg/kg of the permissible limit of 120 mg/kg of sodium nitrite in the sausage formulation is replaced with nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin, the resulting product will be similar to the product containing 120 mg/kg of sodium nitrite in terms of shelf life, resistance to oxidative and microbial spoilage, color indices and sensory evaluation.
Full Research Paper
Food Technology
Mahtab Moradnia; Akram Arianfar; Ali Mohamadi Sani; Zahra Sheikholeslami
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 April 2023
©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.
https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.78044.1195
Abstract
IntroductionDonut is a type of sweet fried snack which is usually produced from leavened and deep fried dough. The deliciousness and high energy of donut has made it very popular among sweet products made from wheat flour. The sensitivity of wheat flour to weather conditions as well as bad economic conditions ...
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IntroductionDonut is a type of sweet fried snack which is usually produced from leavened and deep fried dough. The deliciousness and high energy of donut has made it very popular among sweet products made from wheat flour. The sensitivity of wheat flour to weather conditions as well as bad economic conditions in recent years led to perfomingt research to replacewheat flour with other grains. Quinoa is a rich source of protein (the essential amino acids lysine, methionine, cysteine, and threonine), magnesium, fiber, vitamin B, potassium, and other minerals such as iron. Quinoa seeds have less starch than other grains (wheat, barley, corn, and rice). The value of dietary fiber in quinoa is much more in comparison to other grains, it had about 31% insoluble fiber. Also, as a source of phytoestrogens, it prevents cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis. The main problem with quinoa to be used for human diet is the presence of saponin in the outer shell of the seed. Saponins are considered anti-nutritional agents due to their hemolytic activity on red blood cells, bitterness, foaming ability, and inhibition of enzymes. Therefore, the most important step for using quinoa in food products is to remove saponin. The other problem with using saponin its too bitterness hence causing bloating and heartburn. This study aimed to choose the best saponinization method from quinoa and the possibility of using the saponinization quinoa instead of wheat in donut formulation and investigation the quality, texture, and sensory properties of the donuts. Materials of Methods The methods for saponin removal include (maceration, microwave, ultrasound, wet method, and a combination of wet and dry methods) were compared. Donuts were produced with quinoa flour at two levels of 20 and 40% substitution. The Fiber, ash, and protein values of wheat flour, saponinized quinoa flour, and donuts with different levels of saponinized quinoa flour were measured. The effect of replacement wheat flour with saponinized quinoa flour on oil absorption, texture, SEM, and sensory properties of donuts was evaluated. Results and Discussion A comparison between different methods of saponinization indicated that the ultrasound method had the minimum efficiency in saponin removal and the highest amount of saponin removal was in the combined wet and dry methods, followed by the maceration method. The difference between the combined method and maceration was not significant and had the most influence in extracting saponin from quinoa flour. Of course, the maceration method is economically important due to the long time of the process and production of a lot of waste water leading to loss of nutrients from quinoa. The highest amount of protein, fiber, and ash was obtained in saponinized quinoa flour and a donut containing 40% quinoa flour. The amount of firmness, elasticity, SEM, and sensory properties in the sample with 20% quinoa flour had similar characteristics to the control sample, but increasing the amount of quinoa flour reduced these factors. The oil absorption percentage in donuts containing 40% quinoa flour was higher than in other samples. The results of using saponinized quinoa flour on the sensory characteristics (color crust and crumbs, taste, smell, texture and overall acceptance) of donuts showed that donut with 20% quinoa was similar to the control sample and was acceptable for panelists but increased the concentration up to 40% wasn’t pleasant. Conclusion In this study, the saponinized quinoa flour used in donut formulation to increase the nutritional value and reduced the calories of donuts also overcame the challenges of wheat shortage. The saponinization methods were compared to choose the method with the highest saponin removal. Then donut with saponinized quinoa flour was prepared. The use of saponinized quinoa flour as a replacement of wheat flour increased the nutritional value of donuts. Adding saponinized quinoa flour to the donuts formulation significantly declined the oil absorptions. Generally, the donuts containing saponinized quinoa flour had relatively similar sensory properties to the donuts with wheat flour (commercial donuts). Therefore, it seems that saponinized quinoa flour could be used successfully to improve the nutritional value of donuts and also consumers' acceptance.
Full Research Paper
Food Engineering
Mohammad Reza Salahi; Seyed Mohammad Ali Razavi; Mohebbat Mohebbi
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 July 2023
©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.
https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.81976.1251
Abstract
Introduction Emulsion-filled gel is a sort of gel system that traps oil droplets as a filler and contains a wide range of semi-solid to solid food products. It can also be utilized as a dual system to distribute and control the release of both lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive and micronutrient ...
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Introduction Emulsion-filled gel is a sort of gel system that traps oil droplets as a filler and contains a wide range of semi-solid to solid food products. It can also be utilized as a dual system to distribute and control the release of both lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive and micronutrient substances. The main polymers involved in gel formation in food products are proteins and polysaccharides. Using molecular interactions between biopolymers, a wide range of rheological and physicochemical properties of gels can be methodically created. As a result, the interaction between proteins and polysaccharides has received a lot of attention in order to generate novel products. Because of their functional qualities and high nutritional value, whey proteins are frequently used in the food industry. As a result, mixed gels based on whey protein have gained a lot of attention. k-Carrageenan is commonly utilized in the food industry as a gelling and firming agent. Because k-Carrageenan, like whey protein isolate, can form a gel independently, its interaction with whey protein isolate in emulsion gel systems appears appealing. Therefore, in this study, the effect of k-Carrageenan gum (0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7%) on the textural (uniaxial compression test), rheological (steady shear, strain sweep, and frequency sweep tests), and water holding capacity of cold-set emulsion-filled gel based on whey protein isolate was investigated. Materials and Methods Whey protein isolate (WPI) (98.9% protein, dry basis) was given as a gift by Agropur Ingredients Co. (Le Sueur, Minnesota, USA). -Carrageenan and CaCl2 ( : 147.01 gr/mol) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (USA) and Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany), respectively. Sunflower oil was supplied from local supermarket. Stock dispersions of WPI and -Carrageenan were prepared by dissolving sufficient amounts of their powders in deionized water. To prepare uniform oil in water emulsion, sunflower oil was added to the WPI dispersion and the obtained mixture homogenized first using a laboratory rotor-stator homogenizer (15000 rpm, 3 min), then by an ultrasonic homogenizer (20 kHz, 5 min). The prepared emulsion and -Carrageenan dispersions were poured into Schott bottles and heated in a water bath (90 °C, 40 min). WPI emulsion and AG dispersion were mixed in a cylindrical container on a stirring plate at a speed of 600 rpm for 6-8 min to obtain a homogeneous mixture. After decreasing the temperature to 60 °C for the ion-induced gelation, the mixtures were charged with CaCl2 (10 mM). The prepared samples were incubated in a refrigerator overnight to stabilize the 3D network. The final mixed EFG samples contained 5.5% WPI, 20% oil, and 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7% (w/w) of k-carrageenan. The tests performed on emulsion-filled gel samples were: 1) steady shear (0.01-10 s-1), 2) strain sweep (strain: 0.1-1000%, frequency: 1 Hz), 3) frequency sweep (frequency: 0.1-100 Hz, strain: 0.5%), 4) uniaxial compression (target strain: 80%, deformation speed:1 mm/s), and 5) water holding capacity (by utilizing a microcentrifuge, 600×g for 10 min). Results and Discussion According to the results of steady shear test, all samples had a shear thinning behavior, and based on the power-law model, this behavior was intensified in the presence of k-Carrageenan; and with increasing the gum concentration from 0 to 0.7%, the consistency coefficient increased from 339.9 to 545.7 Pa.s. In the strain sweep test, with the increase in the gum concentration, the values of the elastic and viscous modulus in the linear region and the modulus at the crossover point increased, and tan dLVE decreased from 0.17 to 0.13, which indicated an increase in the strength of the emulsion gel network structure. Based on the frequency sweep test, with the increase in k-Carrageenan concentration, the parameters and , network strength and network expansion increased from 5311.8 Pa, 939.9 Pa, 1.5380 Pa.s1/z and 10.05 in the control sample to 25080 Pa, 3574.9 Pa, 16097.7 Pa.s1/z and 16.41 in the sample containing 0.7% k-Carrageenan, respectively. Moreover, the frequency dependency of elastic modulus decreased from 0.095 in the control sample to 0.050 in the 0.7% k-Carrageenan contained sample. According to the large deformation test, in general, in the composite emulsion-filled gels, the values of apparent modulus of elasticity and fracture stress were higher and fracture strain and fracture energy were lower than in the control sample. Also, the results showed that different k-Carrageenan concentrations had no significant effect on the water holding capacity. ConclusionThe obtained results showed that k-Carrageenan had considerable influence on the rheo-mechanical features of cold-set emulsion-filled gels based on whey protein which can add to the knowledge base for the production of new functional foods.
Full Research Paper
Food Technology
Elnaz Milani; Zahra Dehghan; Neda Hashemi
Abstract
Abstract:1 Introduction: Gastrointestinal diseases are very important among human societies, especially in developing countries. One of these diseases, celiac disease, is the result of the interference of gluten in food, the body's immune system, genetics and environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary ...
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Abstract:1 Introduction: Gastrointestinal diseases are very important among human societies, especially in developing countries. One of these diseases, celiac disease, is the result of the interference of gluten in food, the body's immune system, genetics and environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a solution for the production of gluten-free products and also to improve their quality. The increase in the nutritional knowledge of the people of the society has caused the development and production of healthy food products for certain groups to have a growing trend. Baked products such as cookies are very popular among the society because of their textural characteristics as well as flavoring and attractive colors. Therefore, their enrichment is of interest. Most commercial gluten-free bakery products are based on pure starch or the combination of corn starch with gluten-free flour, which is associated with dryness and sandiness in the product. Materials and methods: The aim of this research wass to investigate the functional characteristics of non-extruded and extruded chickpea flour samples and then the effect of adding different levels of it at three levels of 0, 20 and 40% on physicochemical characteristics, textural characteristics, Lightness, porosity and sensory using completely randomized factorial design. The blend of chick pea flour- xanthan gum was extruded by a parallel twin-screw extruder (Jinan Saxin, China). Process was applied at die diameter of 3 mm, and extrusion temperature of 140 ℃. The chemical composition of raw materials was measured by standard AOAC (2000) methods. The hardness of cookies was measured using Texture Analyzer (TA plus Ametek, UK). The cylinder steel probe (2 mm diameter) was set to move at a speed of 1 mm/s The samples were punctured by the probe to a distance of 10 mm. The color parameters L* (lightness), a*(redness), b*(yellowness) values of the samples were determined by the Hunterlab machine (Reston VA, US) (Rhee et al, 2004). Water absorption index in terms of grams of bonded water was calculated by the sample. Sensory evaluation was performed using a 5-point hedonic test. Results and discussion: In general, gluten-free products are unable to store carbon dioxide gas due to the lack of a coherent and uniform gluten network, which causes an increase in volume. As a result, the product is small in volume and the structure of the crumb is compressed. The extrusion baking process had a high potential to improve cookie quality; In such a way that the addition of extruded chickpea flour increased the porosity of the cookie samples, the results of the texture analysis show that the addition of extruded chickpeas up to a minimum of 40% improved the texture of the cookie and also increased its shelf life. Also, the sensory test results showed the favorable effect of adding extruded chickpea flour up to 20%. concequently, by summarizing the results of physical and sensory tests, it was determined that cookies with appropriate sensory and quality characteristics can be produced using 40% of extruded chickpea flour. Peas, and especially extruded peas, due to their protein and dietary fiber content, high water absorption ability, while maintaining moisture, reduced the hardness of the cookie texture. Considering the increase in demand for gluten-free products, it seems that enriching these products with nutrients such as chickpea flour can be an alternative method to improve the nutritional value of these products. Adding legumes is a good way to increase the consumption of legumes, which are rich in the amino acid lysine. Legumes, especially pea seeds, have high nutritional value and functional characteristics, and including them in the diet by adding them to bakery products is a good way to increase their consumption. The use of chickpea flour as a nutrient source in cookie formulation increases the nutritional value, reduces the glycemic index and improves the variety of such products.
Full Research Paper
Food Technology
Fatemeh Ghorbanpour; Vahid Hakimzadeh; Hassan Rashidi
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 September 2023
©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.
https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.83169.1267
Abstract
IntroductionOne of the relatively new dairy products is cheese sauce, which can increase the consumption of cheese per capita and replace unhealthy sauces. Process functionality achieved by adding useful compounds to food in order to improve properties of foods while maintaining its appearance. ...
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IntroductionOne of the relatively new dairy products is cheese sauce, which can increase the consumption of cheese per capita and replace unhealthy sauces. Process functionality achieved by adding useful compounds to food in order to improve properties of foods while maintaining its appearance. Nowadays, due to the importance of some compounds such as essential fatty acids, antioxidants and fiber, the demand for consuming products containing these compounds in the diet is increasing. Date kernel extract contains fiber, antioxidants, lignans and essential fatty acids. Also, date kernels contain micronutrient such as selenium, iron, calcium, phenolic compounds, sterols, tocopherols, metal ions and essential amino acids. The functional properties of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in date kernels have also been proven. On the other hand, whey as a by-product in dairy plants has many nutritional properties and contains many essential and functional amino acids. In addition to the nutritional properties of whey powder, its technological properties such as creating viscosity are considered important in sauces formulation. The purpose of this research was to prepare cheese sauce using such compounds so that while preparing a useful product, it is possible to prevent the wastage of valuable by-products. Materials and MethodsIn this research, in order to prepare cheese sauce powder, the homogenized mixture was turned into powder by a spray dryer at 180°C. During the treatment of samples, date kernel extract was formulated at three levels of zero (control), 5 and 15%. In the treatments, one sample without whey and another sample with 15% of the final formula was considered. The effect of Date kernel extract and whey on the physicochemical properties of cheese sauce powder samples were investigated by determining solubility, dry matter, protein, total phenol, pH, viscosity and antioxidant activity. The organoleptic properties of samples, were also studied in 5-hedonic points. The results were analyzed in the form of a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The software used was SPSS and the comparison of mean was done by Duncan's method at the 5% level. Graphs were plotted using Excel software. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that increasing the level of date kernel extract in the formulation of cheese sauce powder containing whey led to the improvement of the antioxidant power of cheese sauce and its phenolic compounds due to the presence of compounds such as gallic acid and cysteine amino acids in whey. High levels of date kernel extract in the presence of whey improved its solubility due to the increase in the amount of protein and dry matter of the sauce powder. It was also observed in the results obtained from the viscosity measurement that the presence of whey along with the date kernel extract reduced the viscosity by adjusting the percentage of carbohydrates. The result obtained in relation to the reduction of protein percentage in the conditions of simultaneous use of whey and date kernel extract was probably due to the precipitation of whey proteins based on the interaction with the carbohydrate components of date kernel extract leading to formation of unsolved products during the drying process. The presence of protein and essential amino acids, carbohydrates and fiber, mineral salts, vitamins and antioxidants in the final product increased the percentage of dry matter in samples containing high percentage of extract along with whey. Changes in pH were also not significant in different treatments. Overall, the results showed that the use of seemingly useless compounds can be significantly effective on the properties of cheese sauce and improve the properties of cheese sauce and finally produce a functional product.
Full Research Paper
Food Technology
Mahshad Lavarsetagh; Nafiseh Zamindar; Yasaman Esmaeili
Abstract
Color is the most important indicator of the quality of food that affects consumer acceptance. In order to replace the color lost during the process, increasing the existing color and minimizing variation during processing; natural colors, synthetic and inorganic colorants are added to the food. Red ...
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Color is the most important indicator of the quality of food that affects consumer acceptance. In order to replace the color lost during the process, increasing the existing color and minimizing variation during processing; natural colors, synthetic and inorganic colorants are added to the food. Red beet is one of the most important natural sources of color; In this study, the overall results showed that increase in the extraction pH and time, increased the extraction of betacyanine and betaxanthine. It would be better to extract betacyanine at temperatures below 25 ° C since this pigment is sensitive to high temperatures and at the temperature above, 25 °C will be destroyed. The maximum yield was observed when pH value, temperature and time were 5, 21 °C and 20 min, respectively. Comparison of experimental and predicted values of the proposed responses at the proposed optimal point by t-test showed no significant difference (p< 0.05). Quadratic model was suggested for the responses and lack of fit was not significant (p<0.05). The extraction of betaline from red beet using ultrasonic method causes the reduction of time, temperature, energy and solvent consumption. The maximum yield was observed when pH value, temperature and time were 5, 21 °C and 20 min, respectively. Comparison of experimental and predicted values of the optimal points showed no significant difference by t-test (p< 0.05).
Full Research Paper
Food Technology
Hoda Ghorbanzadeh; Jafar Mohammadzadeh Milani; Ali Motamedzadegan
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 December 2023
©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.
https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2023.85321.1293
Abstract
Introduction
With the growth of the population and increasing demand for obtaining food and supplying the required food, the interest in the cultivation and consumption of edible mushrooms has increased. Since 1990, the world has focused on the mushroom production industry. In recent years, mushrooms ...
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Introduction
With the growth of the population and increasing demand for obtaining food and supplying the required food, the interest in the cultivation and consumption of edible mushrooms has increased. Since 1990, the world has focused on the mushroom production industry. In recent years, mushrooms have become one of the most important food and medicinal sources. One of the largest species of edible mushroom is button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), which has high nutritional value due to the presence of fiber, carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, etc., and also its antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic properties. This commodity has shown good health benefit for humans. The quality of button mushrooms is determined by their color, texture, and taste. Color is the first characteristic that is perceived by consumers. Browning is one of the main reasons for the loss of mushroom quality, which reduces the commercial value of mushrooms. Edible coating is considered as the best method for maintaining quality of perishable foods, these coatings almost prevent the penetration of oxygen, depending on the type of coating used, and reduce the loss of moisture during storage. Chitosan has functional characteristics such as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this research was to find a suitable chitosan coating for button mushrooms that can maintain its characteristics such as color, texture hardness, and moisture during the storage period and increase the shelf life of mushroom.
Materials and Methods
To make chitosan solutions, first, each type of chitosan (70% deacetylated, 80% deacetylated, 90% deacetylated, and 100% deacetylated) was weighed in amounts of 0.5g, 1g, and 2g., then it was dissolved in 100 ml of 0.5% acetic acid and stirred for 12 hours at a speed of 1000 rpm at room temperature to dissolve uniformly. After 12 hours, each sample was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 6000 rpm at 25°C to separate undissolved materials. Mushrooms were prepared freshly harvested, washed with water, and then excess water was removed. After sorting and screening in terms of size and approximate weight, the mushrooms were added to 0.5%, 1%, and 2% chitosan solutions without being sliced and were immersed in the solution for one minute. The control sample was immersed in 0.5% acetic acid solution for one minute. After that, the mushrooms were air-dried at room temperature for one hour, and at the end, their excess water was removed with a tissue. The mushrooms were placed in 18*14 size polyethylene zip lock bags and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C. The effects of chitosan coating on weight loss, color and browning index, enzyme activity, texture, and total phenolic compounds of mushroom were studied.
Results and Discussion
The spoilage of edible mushrooms happens in a short time, and the storage of mushrooms has become one of the most important challenges in mushroom marketing. Coating edible mushrooms is one of the suitable methods to increase the shelf life of edible mushrooms. In this research, chitosan with four degrees of deacetylation and three different concentrations was used as a coating for button mushroom. The results indicated that coating the mushroom with chitosan could delay the occurrence of spoilage and change its color or texture. Due to the very strong antimicrobial properties of chitosan, it is suggested to investigate the microbial load of edible button mushrooms ans other tissue factors of the mushroom, such as gumminess, adhesive properties and cohesieveness.
Conclusion
The spoilage of edible mushrooms happens in a short time, and the storage of mushrooms has become one of the most important things in mushroom production. Coating edible mushrooms is one of the suitable methods to increase the shelf life of edible mushrooms. In this research, chitosan with four degrees of deacetylation and three different concentrations was used as a coating for button mushroom. The results indicated that coating the mushroom with chitosan could delay the occurrence of spoilage and change its color or texture. Due to the very strong antimicrobial properties of chitosan, it is suggested to investigate the microbial load of edible button mushrooms, also other tissue factors of the mushroom, such as gumminess, adhesive properties and cohesieveness can be studied.
Research Article
Food Technology
Aliehsadat Rafaathaghighi; Leila Jafari; abdolmajid Mirzaalian Dastjerdi; Farzin Abdollahi
Abstract
Indian jujube fruit (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is a perishable tropical fruit with high nutritional value. In the present study, in order to increase their storage life, Indian jujube fruits were treated separately with alginate (Al) and Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) (0.5 and 1.0%), or in combination ...
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Indian jujube fruit (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is a perishable tropical fruit with high nutritional value. In the present study, in order to increase their storage life, Indian jujube fruits were treated separately with alginate (Al) and Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) (0.5 and 1.0%), or in combination with Al and ZEO, and then were stored at 6±1 °C and 90-95% RH for up to 28 days. The results showed that all the postharvest treatments maintained the fruit quality as compared to the untreated control. The Al + ZEO treatment was effective in reducing the rate of respiration. This combined treatment resulted in lower levels of percent weight loss, decay, and firmness of fruit tissue during storage. Moreover, coated fruits contained higher levels of ascorbic acid compared to untreated fruits. These results showed that applying a combination of Al and ZEO can assist in delaying Indian jujube fruits' senescence process, and can increase their storage life.
Research Article-en
Food Chemistry
Dara Rezakhani; Abdolmajid Mirzaalian Dastjerdi; somayeh rastegar
Abstract
The sapodilla fruit has a limited shelf life due to its perishability and rapid moisture loss. The use of edible coatings has attracted significant interest because they are effective in prolonging the shelf life of fruits. This research study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an edible coating made ...
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The sapodilla fruit has a limited shelf life due to its perishability and rapid moisture loss. The use of edible coatings has attracted significant interest because they are effective in prolonging the shelf life of fruits. This research study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an edible coating made from xanthan gum (XG) (0.1% and 0.2%) combined with oleic acid (Ol) (1%) in prolonging the storage duration of sapodilla fruit at a temperature of 8 ± 1 ℃ and a relative humidity (RH) of 85-90%. The treated fruits significantly reduced weight loss, with the minimum weight loss observed in the Xan 0.2% + Ol treatment. Except for the Ol treatment, the other treatments showed a higher level of firmness compared to the control. At the end of the experiment, the treatments significantly reduced fruit respiration. The treated fruits also showed significantly increased antioxidant capacity and higher levels of ascorbic acid compared to the control group. The lowest TSS (22.8%) level was noted in the Xan 0.2 + Ol treatment. Moreover, the results showed that fruit treated with the Xan 0.1% + Ol coating exhibited higher activity levels in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes compared to fruit treated with the Xan 0.2 + Ol coating and the control samples. In general, Xan 0.2 + Ol and Xan 0.1% + Ol demonstrated the highest overall quality compared to the control and other treatments. Therefore, the use of these treatments is recommended for maintaining the quality of sapodilla fruit.
Research Article
Food Chemistry
maryam hashemi; Seyyed Hossein Hosseini Ghaboos; Abolghasem Seraj
Abstract
IntroductionLipid oxidation and the production of free radicals play an undeniable role in dangerous diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Free radicals, which are highly unstable and quickly react with biological molecules, are produced in aerobic organs during respiration, ...
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IntroductionLipid oxidation and the production of free radicals play an undeniable role in dangerous diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Free radicals, which are highly unstable and quickly react with biological molecules, are produced in aerobic organs during respiration, leading to irreparable damage to cells. Also, this phenomenon is one of the most critical problems in the food industry because, in addition to the adverse and irreparable effects on the health of consumers, it causes the production of dangerous compounds and the creation of unpleasant odors and tastes, which cause heavy and irreparable economic losses to the producers. In the food industry, synthetic antioxidant compounds such as BHA, BHT, PG, and TBHQ, which have favorable antioxidant potential and reasonable prices, are used, but in recent decades, their adverse effects on human health have caused concern among scientists. In some countries, their use in food formulations has been limited or stopped. Therefore, in recent years, identifying natural compounds with antioxidant potential has become a research priority of scientists and researchers. Among the natural antioxidant compounds, bioactive peptides, which usually have 2-20 amino acids and a molecular weight of less than 6000 Da, are suitable options.Various plant and animal sources can be used to produce hydrolyzed protein. One of the suitable options for hydrolyzed protein production is flaxseed. Flaxseed is a rich source of protein that contains 35-45% oil and 8-10% saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid. Among the suitable methods for hydrolyzed protein production, enzymatic hydrolysis with protease enzymes is an appropriate method that has been proven in various research. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate produce protein hydrolysate with high antioxidant properties from flax seed with two different kinds of enzymes.Materials and MethodsIn this study, flax seed protein hydrolysate was produced through enzymatic hydrolysis. Two different proteases (pepsin and pancreatin) and different hydrolysis times (40-200 minutes) were applied. The effect of protease enzyme type and hydrolysis time on the degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity, Fe chelating activity, Fe reducing activity, and total antioxidant capacity) of the hydrolyzed protein of flaxseed meal was evaluated.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that increasing the hydrolysis time increased the degree of hydrolysis of the produced hydrolysates, and the samples obtained from the activity of the pancreatin enzyme had a higher degree of hydrolysis than pepsin. On the other hand, the highest level of Fe chelating activity and Fe reducing activity was achieved by pancreatin after 200 minutes of hydrolysis, 53.71% and 1.320%, respectively. The hydrolysates obtained from the activity of the pancreatin enzyme were more capable of inhibiting the DPPH free radical than pepsin, and their activity increased with increasing time by 160 minutes, but increasing more time did not significantly affect their antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, the highest total antioxidant capacity (1.36 absorbance at 695 nm) among hydrolyzed samples was obtained after 200 minutes of hydrolysis with pancreatin enzyme. The antioxidant ability of hydrolyzed flax seed protein in DPPH radical scavenging activity, Fe chelating activity, and total antioxidant capacity was lower than the antioxidant ability of vitamin C at a concentration of 50 (mg/ml), but it had higher Fe reducing power than vitamin C.ConclusionIn general, it can be concluded that the pancreatin enzyme, compared to pepsin, had a more remarkable ability to produce hydrolyzed flaxseed protein with significant antioxidant properties. Therefore, according to the obtained results, hydrolyzed flax seed proteins using pancreatin enzyme and a hydrolysis time of 160 minutes can be used to produce health-giving medicinal supplements and food formulations to produce functional products. It should be noted that it is necessary to take supplementary in-vitro and in-vivo tests to confirm the safety of flax seed protein hydrolysate.
Research Article-en
Food Chemistry
Amir Kazemi; Asghar Mahmoudi
Abstract
Wheat flour is one of the most important and strategic food resources especially in developing countries. The addition of Sodium hydrosulfite to flour for improving some appearance features can have dangerous impacts on the consumer health. Therefore, detection of this harmful substance is significant. ...
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Wheat flour is one of the most important and strategic food resources especially in developing countries. The addition of Sodium hydrosulfite to flour for improving some appearance features can have dangerous impacts on the consumer health. Therefore, detection of this harmful substance is significant. In the present study, the potential of Fourier transform-mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy in 400-4000 cm-1 for the fast detection of Sodium hydrosulfite powder in wheat flour was investigated. After getting the spectral data from samples, firstly some preprocessing methods were used to correct harmful and unwanted effects on spectral data, and then Principal Component Analysis (PCA) l as unsupervised and Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models as supervised classification models and Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) as regression model were applied to detect and quantify the adulteration in pure flour samples. The best outcomes were the accuracy of 86.66 and 86.70 for SVM and ANN models with S-G + D2 + SNV preprocessing, respectively and R2p = 0.99 For PLSR model.
Research Article-en
Food Chemistry
Sakineh Molaei Mohammad Abadi; somayeh rastegar
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of preharvest melatonin spraying and immersion in xanthan gum on the overall quality and postharvest performance of Orlando tangelo mandarin fruits. After selecting suitable and uniform trees, melatonin foliar spraying was performed at three different concentrations: ...
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This study aimed to determine the effects of preharvest melatonin spraying and immersion in xanthan gum on the overall quality and postharvest performance of Orlando tangelo mandarin fruits. After selecting suitable and uniform trees, melatonin foliar spraying was performed at three different concentrations: 0,100 μM, and 200 μM. Foliar spraying was performed one month before harvest and was repeated three times at weekly intervals. Furthermore, the fruits were immersed in two different concentrations of xanthan gum (0.1% and 0.2%) subsequently, these fruits were stored in a cold room at a temperature of 5±1°C. Evaluation of fruit characteristics was carried out at the time of harvest as well as after 45 and 90 days of storage in the cold storage. The results of the experiment showed that foliar spraying of melatonin at a concentration of 100 μM showed the highest weight and pulp of the fruit. Furthermore, melatonin treatment resulted in higher levels of ascorbic acid and increased fruit acidity compared to the control. During storage, fruits treated with melatonin and xanthan coatings showed better quality from those of the control. At the end of the experiment, the lowest weight loss was observed in fruits treated with 200 μM xanthan + 0.1% xanthan. The highest ascorbic acid content was observed in the 100 μM +0.1 xanthan. The maximum antioxidant activity was observed in 100 μM and 200 μM +0.1 xanthan and also melatonin 100 μM alone. In general, the findings suggest that preharvest foliar spraying and the application of xanthan coatings can be effective strategies for maintaining fruit quality during storage.
Research Article-en
Food Biotechnology
Shadi Atashgahi; Ali Moayedi; Alireza Sadeghi Mahoonak; Hoda Shahiri Tabarestani; Alireza Sadeghi
Abstract
Soy whey (SW) is a byproduct from tofu and soy protein isolate (SPI) production that con-tains various nutrients such as protein, amino acids, minerals, carbohydrates, isoflavones. In this study, SW was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with the aim to enhance total phenolic contents (TPC), Gamma ...
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Soy whey (SW) is a byproduct from tofu and soy protein isolate (SPI) production that con-tains various nutrients such as protein, amino acids, minerals, carbohydrates, isoflavones. In this study, SW was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with the aim to enhance total phenolic contents (TPC), Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and antioxidant activity. At first, eight different LAB strains were screened, and then the activity and cell counts of the most potent strains were investigated during fermentation. The results showed that all the isolates were able to grow in SW and the increase in incubation time significantly decreased the pH of all samples from 5.75 to 4.5. Among eight LAB isolates, lactiplantibacillus plantarum MCM4 and weissella confusa MDM8 showed higher activity in terms of acid production, increase in TPC content and proteolytic activity. The sample fermented by L. plantarum MCM4 had the highest content of free amino acids (1.73 mg/ml) and the unfer-mented sample with 0.9 mg/ml had the lowest content. GABA concentration varied from 6.15 mg/mL (unfermented) to 24.175 mg/100 mL (SW fermented with L. plantarum MCM4). In this research, it was found that fermentation increased the antioxidant capacity of SW in such a way that the highest amount was observed in the fermented sample with lactiplantibacillus plantarum MCM4. A positive correlation was found between viable cell counts and proteolysis. It can be concluded that, fermentation with L. plantarum MCM4 and W. confusa MDM8 can be applied as an approach to valorize SW.ABSTRACTSoy whey (SW) is a byproduct from tofu and soy protein isolate (SPI) production that con-tains various nutrients such as protein, amino acids, minerals, carbohydrates, isoflavones. In this study, SW was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with the aim to enhance total phenolic contents (TPC), Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and antioxidant activity. At first, eight different LAB strains were screened, and then the activity and cell counts of the most potent strains were investigated during fermentation. The results showed that all the isolates were able to grow in SW and the increase in incubation time significantly (p<0.05) decreased the pH of all samples from 5.75 to 4.5. Among eight LAB isolates, lactiplanti-bacillus plantarum MCM4 and weissella confusa MDM8 showed higher activity in terms of acid production, increase in TPC content and proteolytic activity. The sample fermented by L. plantarum MCM4 had the highest content of free amino acids (1.73 mg/ml) and the un-fermented sample with 0.9 mg/ml had the lowest content. GABA concentration varied from 6.15 mg/mL (unfermented) to 24.175 mg/100 mL (SW fermented with L. plantarum MCM4). In this research, it was found that fermentation increased the antioxidant capacity of SW in such a way that the highest amount was observed in the fermented sample with lactiplantibacillus plantarum MCM4. A positive correlation (R2= +0.72) was found between viable cell counts and proteolysis. It can be concluded that, fermentation with L. plantarum MCM4 and W. confusa MDM8 can be applied as an approach to valorize SW. ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT ABSTRACT
Research Article
Food Technology
Behshad Tahani; Babak Beheshti; Mohsen Heidarisoltanabadi; Ehsan Hekmatian
Abstract
IntroductionIsfahan province is considered to be one of the top ten producing provinces of apple orchards with an area of 17,274 hectares and a production of 120,000 tons of apple trees. Determining the quality parameters of agricultural products requires the use of various methods, which are different ...
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IntroductionIsfahan province is considered to be one of the top ten producing provinces of apple orchards with an area of 17,274 hectares and a production of 120,000 tons of apple trees. Determining the quality parameters of agricultural products requires the use of various methods, which are different according to the nature and characteristics of each product. The two main categories for dividing these methods include analytical (objective) methods and sensory (intrinsic) methods. Both qualitative assessment methods can be used in destructive and non-destructive ways. Apple is one of the fruits that can be stored for a relatively long time. Physiological changes during the storage period are inevitable and cause some quality characteristics of the fruit to change, such as firmness, moisture content, density, pH, and soluble solids. Using the methods of determining and extracting the quality characteristics of fruit during storage and monitoring the changes created, provides a suitable criterion for selecting and preparing the necessary conditions for storage and storage at the disposal of users and producers. Among the methods used are X-ray imaging technique and computed tomography, which are now well-known in various fields of agriculture and food quality evaluation. X-rays are electromagnetic waves with a short wavelength (0.01 to 10 nm) and high energy (from 120 electron volts to 120 kilo electron volts) that can penetrate many materials.Materials and MethodsIn order to determine the relationship between the physicochemical properties and the CT number of Golden Delicious apples, 280 Golden Delicious apples were obtained from an orchard located in Semirom city of Isfahan and stored in a cold store at a temperature of 0 and 4 ºC and a humidity of 85±5%. The samples of stored apples were harvested in 4 stages and based on the duration of storage, respectively on days zero (the beginning of storage), 45, 90 and 135 days, and the desired tests were performed on the samples. These tests included non-destructive tests of CT scan imaging and destructive tests to extract the physicochemical properties of apples, including CT number, pH, firmness, moisture, density, and soluble solids. At the end, with the specified values, Pearson correlation coefficients between CT number and other physicochemical properties were determined. Also, by plotting the mentioned values, the most suitable regression equations with the highest coefficients of determination were obtained.Results and DiscussionBased on the results, the average value of CT number, pH, firmness, moisture, density and total soluble solid of apple at two temperatures of zero and 4 ºC were -115.02 and -166.86, 3.85 and 3.86, 76 37.36 and 33.36 N, 0.82 and 0.80%, 0.76 and 0.72 g/cm3 and 15.30 and 15.79% Brix, respectively. The results showed that the CT number has a negative linear correlation with pH and total soluble solid and a positive linear correlation with the properties of apple firmness, moisture and fruit density. Based on result, at two storage temperatures of 0 and 4 ºC, the coefficients of determination (R2) obtained from the linear regression model of CT number with pH levels of 0.75 and 0.55, apple firmness 32. 0 and 0.57, moisture content 0.78 and 0.85, fruit density 0.82 and 0.84 and total soluble solid 0.85 and 0.62 were obtained.ConclusionThese results show that the non-destructive test of X-ray imaging can be used with a suitable approximation to determine some quality properties of apple products.