تأثیر فرایند اکستروژن و شرایط انجماد بر کیفیت خمیر منجمد و کوکی تهیه شده از آرد سورگوم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• نسیم حسن پور ¹
• محبت محبی ¹
• آرش کوچکی ¹
• الناز میلانی ²

¹ گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

² گروه پژوهشی فرآوری مواد غذایی، جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.v14i5.70942

چکیده

هدف از این تحقیق بررسی تأثیر روش‌های انجماد (کند و سریع) و مدت زمان نگهداری خمیر منجمد در شرایط انجماد بر کیفیت کوکی حاوی آرد سورگوم اکسترود شده و اکسترود نشده به‌منظور تولید یک محصول فاقد گلوتن و مناسب برای بیماران سلیاکی بود. نتایج نشان دادند که سرعت انجماد بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکو شیمیایی کوکی حاصل از خمیر منجمد مؤثر بوده، با افزایش سرعت انجماد میزان سفتی بافت و چسبندگی خمیر به‌طور معنی‌داری (P≤0.05) کاهش یافت اما پیوستگی خمیر افزایش یافت. دمای ژلاتیناسیون افزایش و آنتالپی کل کاهش یافت، سرعت گسترش‌پذیری کوکی افزایش یافت، کوکی‌های حاصل بافت نرم‌تری داشتند ولی روشنایی کمتری نسبت نمونه‌های منجمد شده در شرایط انجماد کند داشتند. تخلخل بافت کوکی حاصل از خمیر منجمد افزایش یافت شد و قطر پوسته‌ کوکی نیز افزایش پیدا کرد. با افزایش سرعت انجماد امتیاز، ویژگی‌های حسی نیز بهبود یافتند. با افزایش دوره نگهداری خمیر منجمد نسبت گسترش‌پذیری کوکی، تخلخل بافت و قطر پوسته کاهش پیدا کرد اما میزان سفتی بافت کوکی افزایش پیدا کرد. پارامتر L* و ضریب نفوذ مؤثر کوکی به‌طور معنی‌داری (P≤0.05) کاهش یافت. در مجموع نتایج نشان دادند که فرآیند اکسترود کردن آرد سورگوم سبب بهبود ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی کوکی شده است و فرآیند انجماد سریع باعث بهبود کیفیت کوکی حاصل از خمیر منجمد شده است و می‌توان آز آرد سورگوم اکسترود شده به‌عنوان جایگزین مناسب گندم برای تولید کوکی استفاده کرد. همچنین استفاده از خمیر منجمد برای تولید کوکی می‌تواند روش مناسبی برای عرضه این محصول باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آرد سورگوم
• اکستروژن
• انجماد
• کنتیک انتقال جرم
• کوکی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Cookie from extruded sorghum flour: Effect of extrusion and freezing conditions on frozen dough and cookie quality

نویسندگان [English]

• Nasim Hasanpoor ¹
• Mohebbat Mohebbi ¹
• Arash Koocheki ¹
• Elnaz Milani ²

¹ Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

² Department of Food Processing, Iranian Academic Centre for Education Culture and Research, Mashhad, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Nowadays, frozen dough technology is used to produce bakery, pastry & cakes products. On the other hand, extrusion plays a role as a high-performance process in the food industry, which, given its unique characteristics, can replace many common methods of food processing. This study was carried out aimed to investigate the effect of freezing methods (slow and rapid) and the storage time of frozen dough under freezing conditions on physicochemical and sensory properties of extruded and non-extruded sorghum flour for producing a gluten-free product suitable for Coeliac patients.

Materials and methods: In this study, extruded sorghum flour (an extruder with a temperature of 150-160°C, a moisture content of 14%, a speed of 150 rpm, feeding of 40 grams per minute and circular matrix with a diameter of 5 mm and, in the last step, using a grinding mill and 0.599 mm mesh, flouring is done), non-extruded sorghum flour (100%), Xanthan gum (1% w/w) were used in cookie dough formulation. Two types of slow and fast freezing were used to freeze the dough of cookie. Slow freezing according to the method provided by X.u et al. (2009) and Ke et al. (2013). In a fast freezing method, rapid cooling rooms were used at -40°C for 30 minutes. After freezing, the samples were placed in polyethylene bags and stored for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks in a refrigerator at -18°C (X.u et al., 2009). For the thaw process, dough pieces were placed in a refrigerator at + 4°C for 16 hours (Maizani et al., 2012). Baking was performed in a microwave oven at 180°C for 14 minutes. The properties of the final product, such as the ratio of expandability (AACC 10-52), textural properties (cookie texture were carried out using a TA.XTplus Texture Analyzer (Walker et al, 2012)), total gelatinization and enthalpy temperature(Using the DSC device and temperature range 7-157°C and heating temperature 10°C/min), color, percentage of porosity, shell thickness (Image processing technique and ImageJ software) and sensory evaluation were investigated in a completely randomized factorial. Statistical analysis of the results was done using a factorial arrangement of completely randomized design and comparison of the meanings using Duncan's multiple range tests at 5% level. Data analysis was performed with three replications using SPSS 18 software.

Results & discussion: The gelatinization temperature decreased with increasing times of storage; however, the total enthalpy of the process was increased. The results showed that with increasing freezing rate, the gelatinization temperature increased significantly (P≤0.05), and the total enthalpy of the process decreased and the cookie from frozen dough containing extruded sorghum flour has the highest gelatinization temperature and the minimum total enthalpy value. With increasing times of storage, the dough chewiness decreased significantly (P≤0.05) and the adhesion and stiffness of the dough texture increased. The dough chewiness increased with the increase in the freezing rate, however, the adhesion and stiffness of the dough texture decreased and cookie dough containing extruded sorghum flour resulted in a significantly higher chewiness and lower adhesion and stiffness (P≤0.05) of the texture compared to the non-extruded sorghum cookie flour in both methods of freezing. The extensibility ratio has significantly decreased (P≤0.05) with increasing the times of storage. The extensibility ratio of cookie was significantly increased with the increase in freezing rate (P≤0.05) and non-extruded sorghum flour samples showed a lower extensibility ratio relative to the extruded sorghum flour cookies. The dough freezing method also had a significant effect on the final cookie quality (P≤0.05). The stiffness of the cookie texture from the frozen dough decreased by increasing the dough freezing rate and its tissue was softer and cookie samples containing extruded sorghum flour have a significantly lower tissue stiffness compared to other samples. The stiffness of the cookie tissue increased significantly (P≤0.05) with increasing times of storage. L* parameter (lightness) significantly decreased (P≤0.05) with increasing the times of storage and decreased the yellowness factor (b*) and increased the redness factor (a*) significantly (P≤0.05) for the cookie made from frozen dough. The freezing rate had a significant effect (P≤0.05) on the lightness of the cookies. The parameters L* and b* decreased by increasing the freezing rate and the colors of these cookies were darker. Cookies containing extruded sorghum flour had the lowest level of L* and b* and highest level of a*. The porosity% and thickness of crust of cookie decreased significantly (P≤0.05) with increasing times of storage. These parameters increased significantly with increasing freezing rate (P≤0.05) and tissue porosity and thickness of crust of cookies obtained from the frozen dough containing extruded sorghum flour was significantly higher (P≤0.05). The results of the kinetics of cookie mass transfer from frozen dough showed that the effective moisture diffusivity of cookie was reduced by increasing times of storage. Overall, the results showed that the process of extruding sorghum flour has improved the physicochemical properties of the cookie, and the fast freezing process improves the quality of the cookie made from frozen dough, and in this condition extruded flour sorghum can be used as a suitable alternative to wheat. Also, the use of frozen dough for cookie production can be a good way to supply this product.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• cookie
• sorghum flour
• Extrusion
• Freezing
• mass transfer kinetics

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