با همکاری انجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز.

2 گروه پژوهشی مواد غذایی، پژوهشکده غذایی و کشاورزی، پژوهشگاه استاندارد کرج، کرج.

چکیده

یکی از مشکلات رایج در تولید کیک، اسیدیته چربی بالای آن است. زرده تخم‌مرغ به‌دلیل داشتن اسیدهای چرب آزاد و لستین عامل احتمالی اسیدیته بالا در این کیک‌ها است. علاوه بر این، تخم‌مرغ به علت داشتن کلسترول بالا احتمال ابتلاء به بیماری‌های قلبی و عروقی را افزایش می‌دهد. لذا هدف این پژوهش بررسی جایگزینی زرده تخم‌مرغ با سه نوع امولسیفایر ژلی تجارتی با خواص متفاوت بود. سه نوع امولسیفایر ژلی تجاری با زرده تخم‌مرغ جایگزین شد. در تیمارهای دیگر فقط از سفیده و زرده تخم‌مرغ استفاده شد تا تأثیر هر بخش تخم‌مرغ جداگانه بررسی شود. خواص فیزیکی خمیر و ویژگی‌های فیزیکی شیمیایی و بافتی کیک مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. اسیدیته چربی و میزان پراکسید کیک اندازه گیری شد. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن بود که کیک‌های تهیه شده با هر سه نوع امولسیفایر ژلی که در فرمولاسیون آنها فقط از سفیده استفاده شده بود، نسبت به نمونه‌هایی که دارای زرده تخم‌مرغ بودند، اسیدیته چربی و عدد پراکسید پایینی داشتند. در ضمن این کیک‌ها از لحاظ خواص ارگانولپتیکی دارای بافت نرمتر و عطر و طعم مطلوب‌تری نسبت به سایر تیمارها بودند. در طول زمان نیز اسیدیته چربی، خواص بیاتی و میزان سفتی ارزیابی شد. اسیدیته چربی روند تقریباً ثابتی را نشان داد و کیک‌های حاوی امولسیفایر ژلی بافت نرم خود را در تمام طول مدت ماندگاری حفظ کردند. در نهایت، می‌توان با جایگزینی امولسیفایرهای ژلی تجاری با زرده تخم‌مرغ اسیدیته چربی در کیک را کنترل نموده و در عین حال کیک فاقد کلسترول تولید نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the application of gel emulsifiers to reduce fat acidity in layered cake

نویسندگان [English]

  • Raheleh Bazrafshan 1
  • Seyed Hadi Peighambardoust 1
  • Aref Oladghaffari 2

1 Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

2 Food Research Group, Food and Agriculture Research Department, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Cake is one of highly consumed products as a breakfast and snack. One of the common industrial concerns in the quality control of bakery products with high amounts of fat, such as layered cakes, is related to lipolytic effects of free fatty acids. Egg yolk due to its possible high free fatty acids, phospholipids and lecithin is regarded as a main reason for possible high fat acidity content in the layer cakes. In addition, because of high cholesterol in the egg yolk, it may increase the possibility of health risk by cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the main objective of this research was to replace egg yolk with different industrial gel emulsifiers so called "Emulgels" to control the fat acidity content in the layer cake.

Materials and methods: Six different formulations were used to prepare cake batters as follows: 1) Control cake with whole egg, 2) Batter with only egg white, 3) Batter with egg white plus Softex emulgel, 4) Batter with egg white plus Golden emulgel, 5) Batter with egg white plus Gilk 60 emulgel and 6) Batter with only egg yolk. In the aforementioned formulations three different industrial emulgels were replaced with egg yolk. Cake batter was prepared with single-stage method according to Gomez et al (2007). Physical properties of batter such as density were measured. Cake physical, chemical, textural and staling properties were analyzed during storage. For this reason, cake volume and height as well as loaf symmetry were characterized. To evaluate cake staling by instrumental method, crumb firmness was measured by universal testing machine (Instron). Cake moisture and water activity, fat acidity and peroxide value were also measured.

Results and discussion: Batter density is a measure of how much air bulbuls can be incorporated during mixing or creaming. Increasing air inclusion into the batter increases the batter volume, and thereby, leads to a decrease in batter density. Results indicated that formulation with all three industrial emulgels had the lowest batter density (1.0-1.25 g/cm3) compared to those (1.5–1.75 g/cm3) of control and treatments with only egg white and egg yolk. Cake formulations with all three industrial emulgels used in this study had the highest cake volume (502-525 cm3/200 g batter) and height (60-69 mm) and the most loaf symmetry (24-33) compared to those (449-491 cm3/200 g batter for volume, 48-57 mm for height, and 15-22 for symmetry) of control/only egg white/only yolk cakes. As mentioned before, application of emulgels increased air incorporation into batter during the mixing process leading to a decreased batter density and thereby, an increased cake volume. Cake with only egg white showed the firmest (1.0-3.5 N) structure compared to other formulations (0.1– 0.5 N). The absence of egg yolk as an emulsifier can results in formation of a firm structure. Meanwhile, cakes containing gel emulsifiers all had the softest crumb structure as measured by Instron. Cakes containing gel emulsifiers without egg yolk had softer texture than that of control. Between three different emulges used there was no significant difference in terms of their effect on cake firmness. Results also indicated that crumb firmness increased upon 60 days storage. Nevertheless, this increasing rate was not significant (p

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Layer cake
  • Fat acidity
  • Emulgel
  • Gel emulsifier
  • Quality
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