تاثیر گلیسرول و نانوسلولز بر ویژگی‌های آبدوستی و مکانیکی کامپوزیت‌های ژلاتین- کربوکسی متیل سلولز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• ساناز گل محمدزاده خیابان ¹
• فرید عمیدی فضلی ²

¹ گروه علوم و مهندسی صنایع غذایی، واحد صوفیان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، صوفیان، ایران.

² گروه علوم و مهندسی صنایع غذایی، واحد صوفیان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، صوفیان، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/ifstrj.2021.70884.1057

چکیده

تلاش‌های گسترده‌ای جهت توسعه بسته‌بندی‌های بر پایه بیوپلیمرهای زیست تخریب‌پذیر و بهبود کارایی آنها صورت گرفته است. بیوپلیمرها که از منابع قابل تجدید کشاورزی حاصل می‌شوند جایگزینی مناسب برای پلاستیک‌های سنتزی به‌شمار می‌روند. اثر گلیسرول (%60- 20) به‌عنوان نرم‌کننده و نانوکریستال سلولز (%30- 0) به‌عنوان پرکن بر ویژگی‌های نانوکامپوزیت‌های ژلاتین- کربوکسی متیل سلولز مطالعه گردید. نانوسلولز مورد استفاده به روش هیدرولیز اسیدی تولید و توسط میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی و پراش اشعه ایکس مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. پس از تولید نانوکامپوزیت‌ها به روش تبخیر حلال آزمون‌های نفوذپذیری نسبت به بخار آب، حلالیت در آب، جذب رطوبت، زاویه تماس، خواص رنگی و خواص مکانیکی انجام یافت. فیلم‌های تهیه شده زمانی که از نانوسلولز کمتری استفاده شد نفوذپذیری کمتری نسبت به بخار آب از خود نشان دادند (gm/m²Pas^11-10× 62/3 تا ^12-10× 23/2) ولی غلظت‌های بالای نانوکریستال سلولز موجب افزایش نفوذپذیری نسبت به بخار آب می شود. با افزایش میزان گلیسرول به دلیل تشکیل پیوندهای جدید و از دسترس خارج شدن گروه‌های هیدروکسیل از مقادیر جذب رطوبت کاسته می‌شود البته در مقادیر پایین نانوکریستال سلولز وارد فضاهای خالی در ماتریکس فیلم شده و از حرکت آزادانه ملکول‌های آب ممانعت به عمل می‌آورد. همین‌طور نمونه‌های تولید شده مقادیر جذب رطوبت بالا داشتند و زاویه تماس متوسطی در حدود 60 درجه از خود نشان دادند. در سطوح ثابت نانوکریستال سلولز با افزایش مقدار گلیسرول زاویه تماس کاهش یافته است چرا که گلیسرول به‌عنوان یک ترکیب چند الکلی از خاصیت آبدوستی زیادی برخوردار است. اثر متقابل نانوسلولز و گلیسرول بر این ویژگی معنی‌دار است. در تیمارهای با سطوح پایین گلیسرول ازدیاد طول در نقطه شکست به زیر 5 درصد تقلیل یافته است. در خصوص استحکام کششی فیلم‌های حاصل از قدرت بالایی برخوردار هستند و حداکثر استحکام کششی 37/84 مگاپاسکال به‌دست آمد این مقدار در مورد تیماری است که از 40 درصد گلیسرول بدون افزودن نانوسلولز تهیه شده بود به‌دست آمد افزودن نانوسلولز به مقدار 4 درصد باعث کاهش جزئی در استحکام کششی می‌شود. رنگ نمونه‌ها مطلوب ارزیابی گردید. استفاده از گلیسرول به میزان 60 درصد و نانوسلولز به مقدار 4/4 درصد سبب تولید فیلم با ویژگی‌های مطلوب می‌شود. به‌کارگیری ژلاتین و کربوکسی متیل سلولز باعث تولید فیلم‌هایی گردید که از نظر نفوذپذیری نسبت به بخار آب و نم شوندگی سطوح نسبت به فیلم‌های خالص دارای ویژگی‌های بهبود یافته‌ای هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• ژلاتین
• کربوکسی متیل سلولز
• نانوسلولز
• خواص آبدوستی
• خواص مکانیکی

موضوعات

• مهندسی مواد غذایی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of glycerol and nanocellulose on hydrophilic and mechanical properties of gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose composites

نویسندگان [English]

• Sanaz Golmohammadzadeh ¹
• Farid Amidi-Fazli ²

¹ ,Sofian Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sofian, Iran

² Department of Food Science and Technology, Sofian Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sofian, Iran.

چکیده [English]

[1]Introduction: The biodegradability of synthetic plastics derived from petroleum is a very slow process and complete decomposition of them lasts several years. This increases environmental pollution. Extensive efforts have been made to develop and improve biopolymers-based packaging. Biopolymers derived from renewable agricultural resources are an appropriate alternative to synthetic plastics. The use of nanotechnology in the field of polymer science has led to the production of nanocomposite polymers. The valuable nanocomposites would be produced if natural nanoparticles are used in composites preparation. Because of the importance of nanocomposites in the production of biodegradable films and due to desired properties of gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulose in film production, this study aimed to investigate the effect of glycerol and nanocellulose on the properties of gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposites.
 
Materials and Methods: To prepare 12 different treatments based on statistical design, 1 g of gelatin and 1 g of carboxymethylcellulose were dissolved in distilled water to form a uniform solution. Then, glycerol as a plasticizer was added to the prepared solutions at different levels (20 to 60% w/w). The determined amount of nanocellulose (0- 30% w/w), based on the biopolymers weight, was added to the cooled blend at 70°C. Nanocellulose was extracted from cotton through the chemical method, cotton was gone under chemical hydrolysis by the sulfuric acid solution (65% w/v). The properties of gelatin-carboxymethylcellulose nanocomposites were studied. The produced nanocellulos evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The thickness of the films was measured using a caliper with a precision of 0.01. At five different parts of each film. Water vapor flux and water vapor permeability through the film samples were determined. The dry matter of 20× 20 mm film samples before and after immersion in 50 ml of distilled water for 24h at 25 °C was determined to calculate the solubility in water of the films. To measure the moisture absorption of the nanocomposite samples, 20× 20 mm film pieces were kept in a container containing potassium sulfate saturated solution (RH= 97%) at 25°C for 4 days. Films were weighted initially and at the end of the experiment. Sessile drop method, a common technique for determining the wetting properties of solid surfaces, was then used to determine the contact angle. Ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break were measured. The belt-shaped sample (8× 1 cm) of the film was stretched by the instrument at a velocity of 1 mm/s. The color and transparency of the samples were evaluated in the black box by image processing technique. Total color difference (ΔE), yellow index (YI), and white index (WI) of the samples were calculated. Treatments were prepared according to central composite design (CCD) and were statically analyzed by response surface method (RSM).
 
Results and Discussion: The prepared films showed low water vapor permeability (3.62× 10^-11 to 2.23× 10^-12 gm/m²Pas). The lowest amount of water vapor permeability was obtained when the low level of nanocrystalline cellulose (4.4%) was used. The high amounts of glycerol and nanocellulose increased the solubility of the films and even in some treatments the samples were completely dissolved in water. The hydrophilic nature of the gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulose used in the preparation of composites may be the reason for the high solubility of the produced films. At the same time, the samples showed high moisture absorption. Moisture absorption decreased as a result of the glycerol content increased, also the effects of the presence of nanocrystalline cellulose as a filler on the moisture absorption decrease cannot be neglected. A moderate contact angle of about 60º was observed, the interactions between the polar and the hydroxyl groups of the biomaterials used in the production of composites caused different behaviors observed in the various treatments. The interaction of nanocellulose and glycerol had a significant effect on the contact angle. The films had high ultimate tensile strength (84.37 MPa) while the elongation at break was 4.14% for the same treatment, which indicates low flexibility of the produced films. The color of the samples was evaluated as suitable. The use of 60% glycerol and 4.4% nanocellulose results in the production of films with desirable properties. The use of gelatin and carboxymethylcellulose produced composites that had improved properties in the terms of water vapor permeability and surface wetting compared to pure films.
Composites made of gelatin and carboxymethylcellulose showed high ultimate tensile strength, although the elongation at break of them was not desirable. In terms of barrier properties against the water vapor, prepared composites demonstrated improved properties when compared to other bio-based made films. On the other hand, in terms of hydrophilicity, they are classified as moisture-sensitive films, which limits their use for foods with high moisture content. The use of carboxymethyl cellulose can improve the water vapor permeability of pure gelatin films. Also, the use of gelatin increases the contact angle of water of pure carboxymethyl cellulose films. Gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposite contains 60% glycerol and 4.4% nanocellulose presents improved and desirable properties.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Gelatin
• Carboxymethyl cellulose
• Nanocellulose
• Hudrophilicity
• Mechanical properties

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