با همکاری انجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه پژوهشی میکروبیولوژی و بیولوژی، پژوهشکده صنایع غذایی و فرآورده‌های کشاورزی، پژوهشگاه استاندارد، کرج، ایران

2 اداره کل استاندارد استان کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

رب گوجه­فرنگی یکی از فرآورده­های فرآوری شده گوجه­فرنگی است که ماندگاری طولانی دارد و به­عنوان یک ماده غذایی مهم در سراسر جهان استفاده می­شود. بر اساس آمارهای جهانی، ایران جزو ده تولیدکننده برتر رب گوجه­فرنگی در جهان است، ایران در زمینه تولید رب گوجه­فرنگی در رتبه چهارم تا پنجم جهان قرار دارد. باکتری Alicyclobacillus به­عنوان یک خطر برای صنایع غذایی پاستوریزه اسیدی در نظر گرفته می­شود. این باکتری­ها از طریق میوه­های آلوده به خاک، تجهیزات تولید کارخانه­ها وارد محصول شده و در نهایت متابولیت­هایی مانند گایاکول تولید می­کند و باعث ایجاد طعم نامطبوع در محصول می­شود. به­منظور بررسی آلودگی میکروبی کنسروهای رب گوجه­فرنگی در کشور، 46 نمونه کنسرو رب گوجه فرنگی به میزان 184 قوطی 800 گرمی از بازار خریداری شد. در خصوص خرید نمونه از بازار، سعی شد برای هر نمونه تاریخ تولید و سری ساخت متفاوتی خریداری شود (4 قوطی کنسرو برای هر برند از هر سری تولید). نمونه­های خریداری شده برای انجام آزمایش­های مربوطه به آزمایشگاه گروه میکروبیولوژی پژوهشگاه استاندارد ارسال شد. هم­زمان، محیط­کشت­های OSA ,TAA برای کنترل عملکرد مورد آزمون قرار گرفتند. نمونه­های کنسرو رب گوجه­فرنگی در دمای C°1‌± C°30 به مدت 14 روز و دمای C°1‌± C°55 به مدت 7 روز گرمخانه­گذاری شدند. محتویات هر دو نمونه آزمونه به­طور جداگانه برای باکتری­های ترموفیل، باکتری­های مزوفیل، کپک و مخمر مورد آزمون قرار گرفتند. از 46 نمونه تهیه شده با تاریخ­های و سری­های ساخت متفاوت، 28 نمونه از نظر آلودگی به باکتری­های مقاوم به اسید ترموفیل مثبت بودند. با توجه به تعداد نمونه­های آلوده مشخص شد که 60.86 درصد از نمونه­ها آلوده با باکتری­های مقاوم به اسید ترموفیل بودند. کلنی­های رشد­یافته روی محیط کشت TAA از نظر مورفولوژیکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. برای بررسی­های بیشتر رنگ­آمیزی گرم انجام شد. تمام کلنی­های رنگ­آمیزی شده از نظر مورفولوژیکی شکل باسیل­های میله­ای شکل گرم مثبت را نشان دادند. شناسایی گونه­هایAlicyclobacillus  بوسیله آزمون­های بیوشیمیایی شامل کاتالاز و اکسیداز انجام گرفت. تمام کلنی­های رشد یافته کاتالاز مثبت و اکسیداز منفی بودند. شناسایی نهایی گونه با انجام آزمون­های مولکولی بر اساس آغازگرهای اختصاصی طراحی شده از ژن Alicyclobacillus انجام شد. این آزمون­ها در سه مرحله استخراج DNA ژنومی، واکنش زنجیره­ای پلیمراز و الکتروفورز انجام شد. با استفاده از روش PCR، کلنی­های رشدیافته از نظر دو نوع باکتری Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius و Bacillus coagulans مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. با توجه به نتایج به­دست آمده از توالی­یابی با آغازگرهای طراحی شده در پایگاه داده NCBI، شباهت 100 درصدی با توالی­های ثبت شده که همگی سویه­های مختلف گونه Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius  هستند، نشان داد. هیچ­یک از کلنی­ها به­عنوان گونه Bacillus coagulans شناسایی نشد. از آنجایی­که باکتری Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius برای اولین­بار از خاک جدا شد، وجود این باکتری­ها در محصول نشان­دهنده آلودگی مواد اولیه به خاک است. در این تحقیق وجود باکتری آلیسایکلوباسیلوس در کنسرو رب گوجه­فرنگی تایید شد. با توجه به مقاومت حرارتی بالای این باکتری، احتمال وجود باکتری­های آلیسایکلوباسیلوس در تمامی مراحل تولید رب گوجه­فرنگی که از طریق خاک وارد محصول شده­اند، وجود دارد و دمای پاستوریزاسیون (C° 3± C° 95 در 30 دقیقه) در از بین بردن کامل این باکتری مؤثر نیست. اکثر باکتری­های مقاوم به اسید ترموفیل مانند خانواده Alicyclobacillus باکتری­های بیماری­زا نیستند و وجود آنها در غذا ممکن است طعم بد یا بدبوی غذا را ایجاد کند، اما خطری برای سلامت مصرف کننده ندارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating of Tomato Pastes Microbial Contamination in Iran and Isolation and Identification of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius by PCR Method

نویسندگان [English]

  • Masume Atharinia 1
  • Nasrin Zonourian 2
  • Sare Davarzani 1

1 Microbiology and Biology Research Group, Food Technology and Agricultural Prouducts Research Center, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran

2 Kermanshah Standard General Office, Kermanshah, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Tomato paste is one of the processed tomato products that has a long shelf life and is used as an important food ingredient all over the world. According to global statistics, Iran is among the top ten producers of tomato paste in the world, Iran ranks fourth to fifth in the world in the field of aseptic paste production. Alicyclobacillus bacteria are considered as a risk for pasteurized acidic food industries. These bacteria enter the product through soil-contaminated fruits, production equipment of the factories and finally produce metabolites such as guaiacol, causing an unpleasant taste in the product.
 
Materials and Methods
 In order to investigate the microbial contamination of canned tomato paste in the country, 46 samples of canned tomato paste in the amount of 184 cans of 800 grams were purchased from the market. Regarding the purchase of samples from the market, we tried to buy a different production date and production series for each sample (approximately 4 cans for each brand from each production series). The purchased samples were sent to the Microbiology Department of the Standard Research Institute laboratory for microbiology tests. At the same time, the culture media of thermophilic bacteria (Orange Serum Agar, Thermoacidurans Agar from 4 available brands) were tested for performance control. The canned tomato paste samples were incubated at 30°C ± 1°C for 14 days and 55°C ± 1°C for 7 days.
 
Results and Discussion
 The contents of both examined samples were tested separately for thermophilic bacteria, mesophilic bacteria, mold and yeast. Out of the 46 samples prepared with different production dates and production series, which were 46 cans of tomato paste, 28 samples were positive in terms of contamination with thermophilic bacteria. According to the number of contaminated samples, it was found that 60.86% of the samples were contaminated. Colonies grown on Thermoacidurans Agar medium were examined morphologically. For further investigations, gram staining was performed. All the stained colonies morphologically showed the form of gram-positive rod-shaped bacilli. Biochemical tests including catalase and oxidase were performed to identify Alicyclobacillus species. All the grown colonies were catalase positive and oxidase negative. The final identification of the species was done by performing molecular tests based on specific primers designed from Alicyclobacillus gene. These tests were performed in three stages: genomic DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis. Using the PCR method, the grown colonies were analyzed for two types of bacteria, Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius and Bacillus coagulans. According to the results obtained from sequencing with designed primers in the NCBI database, it showed 100% similarity with the registered sequences, which are all different strains of the Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius species. None of the colonies were detected as Bacillus coagulans species. Since Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius was isolated from soil for the first time, the presence of these bacteria in the product indicates the contamination of raw materials with soil.
 
Conclusion
In this research, the presence of Alicyclobacillus bacteria in canned tomato paste was confirmed. Due to the high heat resistance of this bacteria, there is a possibility of the presence of Alicyclobacillus in the all stages of tomato paste production, which have entered the product through the soil, and 95°C ± 3°C pasteurization temperature in 30 minutes is not effective in removing this bacteria completely. Most acidophilus thermophilic bacteria, such as Alicyclobacillus family, are not pathogenic bacteria. Their presence in food may make the food taste bad or smelly, but it does not pose a risk to the health of the consumer. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of spoilage and to prevent the growth of bacterial spores in the product, it is essential not to expose the product to high temperatures for a long time. It is also necessary to perform rapid cooling after heat treatment and keep the product at a temperature below 30°C.
 
Acknowledgement
This article is the result of a common research project of Microbiology and Biology Research Group of Standard Research Institute and Kermanshah Standard Regional Research Group. We hereby thank and appreciate the cooperation of the microbiology research group of the Standard Research Institute and the Kermanshah General Directorate of Standards. We are also very grateful to Rogin Talk Company as the employer of this project.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
  • PCR
  • Thermophilic bacteria
  • Tomato paste

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

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