نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه پژوهشی میکروبیولوژی و بیولوژی، پژوهشکده صنایع غذایی و فرآوردههای کشاورزی، پژوهشگاه استاندارد، کرج، ایران
2 اداره کل استاندارد استان کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران
چکیده
رب گوجهفرنگی یکی از فرآوردههای فرآوری شده گوجهفرنگی است که ماندگاری طولانی دارد و بهعنوان یک ماده غذایی مهم در سراسر جهان استفاده میشود. بر اساس آمارهای جهانی، ایران جزو ده تولیدکننده برتر رب گوجهفرنگی در جهان است، ایران در زمینه تولید رب گوجهفرنگی در رتبه چهارم تا پنجم جهان قرار دارد. باکتری Alicyclobacillus بهعنوان یک خطر برای صنایع غذایی پاستوریزه اسیدی در نظر گرفته میشود. این باکتریها از طریق میوههای آلوده به خاک، تجهیزات تولید کارخانهها وارد محصول شده و در نهایت متابولیتهایی مانند گایاکول تولید میکند و باعث ایجاد طعم نامطبوع در محصول میشود. بهمنظور بررسی آلودگی میکروبی کنسروهای رب گوجهفرنگی در کشور، 46 نمونه کنسرو رب گوجه فرنگی به میزان 184 قوطی 800 گرمی از بازار خریداری شد. در خصوص خرید نمونه از بازار، سعی شد برای هر نمونه تاریخ تولید و سری ساخت متفاوتی خریداری شود (4 قوطی کنسرو برای هر برند از هر سری تولید). نمونههای خریداری شده برای انجام آزمایشهای مربوطه به آزمایشگاه گروه میکروبیولوژی پژوهشگاه استاندارد ارسال شد. همزمان، محیطکشتهای OSA ,TAA برای کنترل عملکرد مورد آزمون قرار گرفتند. نمونههای کنسرو رب گوجهفرنگی در دمای C°1± C°30 به مدت 14 روز و دمای C°1± C°55 به مدت 7 روز گرمخانهگذاری شدند. محتویات هر دو نمونه آزمونه بهطور جداگانه برای باکتریهای ترموفیل، باکتریهای مزوفیل، کپک و مخمر مورد آزمون قرار گرفتند. از 46 نمونه تهیه شده با تاریخهای و سریهای ساخت متفاوت، 28 نمونه از نظر آلودگی به باکتریهای مقاوم به اسید ترموفیل مثبت بودند. با توجه به تعداد نمونههای آلوده مشخص شد که 60.86 درصد از نمونهها آلوده با باکتریهای مقاوم به اسید ترموفیل بودند. کلنیهای رشدیافته روی محیط کشت TAA از نظر مورفولوژیکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. برای بررسیهای بیشتر رنگآمیزی گرم انجام شد. تمام کلنیهای رنگآمیزی شده از نظر مورفولوژیکی شکل باسیلهای میلهای شکل گرم مثبت را نشان دادند. شناسایی گونههایAlicyclobacillus بوسیله آزمونهای بیوشیمیایی شامل کاتالاز و اکسیداز انجام گرفت. تمام کلنیهای رشد یافته کاتالاز مثبت و اکسیداز منفی بودند. شناسایی نهایی گونه با انجام آزمونهای مولکولی بر اساس آغازگرهای اختصاصی طراحی شده از ژن Alicyclobacillus انجام شد. این آزمونها در سه مرحله استخراج DNA ژنومی، واکنش زنجیرهای پلیمراز و الکتروفورز انجام شد. با استفاده از روش PCR، کلنیهای رشدیافته از نظر دو نوع باکتری Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius و Bacillus coagulans مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. با توجه به نتایج بهدست آمده از توالییابی با آغازگرهای طراحی شده در پایگاه داده NCBI، شباهت 100 درصدی با توالیهای ثبت شده که همگی سویههای مختلف گونه Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius هستند، نشان داد. هیچیک از کلنیها بهعنوان گونه Bacillus coagulans شناسایی نشد. از آنجاییکه باکتری Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius برای اولینبار از خاک جدا شد، وجود این باکتریها در محصول نشاندهنده آلودگی مواد اولیه به خاک است. در این تحقیق وجود باکتری آلیسایکلوباسیلوس در کنسرو رب گوجهفرنگی تایید شد. با توجه به مقاومت حرارتی بالای این باکتری، احتمال وجود باکتریهای آلیسایکلوباسیلوس در تمامی مراحل تولید رب گوجهفرنگی که از طریق خاک وارد محصول شدهاند، وجود دارد و دمای پاستوریزاسیون (C° 3± C° 95 در 30 دقیقه) در از بین بردن کامل این باکتری مؤثر نیست. اکثر باکتریهای مقاوم به اسید ترموفیل مانند خانواده Alicyclobacillus باکتریهای بیماریزا نیستند و وجود آنها در غذا ممکن است طعم بد یا بدبوی غذا را ایجاد کند، اما خطری برای سلامت مصرف کننده ندارد.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Investigating of Tomato Pastes Microbial Contamination in Iran and Isolation and Identification of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius by PCR Method
نویسندگان [English]
- Masume Atharinia 1
- Nasrin Zonourian 2
- Sare Davarzani 1
1 Microbiology and Biology Research Group, Food Technology and Agricultural Prouducts Research Center, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
2 Kermanshah Standard General Office, Kermanshah, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction
Tomato paste is one of the processed tomato products that has a long shelf life and is used as an important food ingredient all over the world. According to global statistics, Iran is among the top ten producers of tomato paste in the world, Iran ranks fourth to fifth in the world in the field of aseptic paste production. Alicyclobacillus bacteria are considered as a risk for pasteurized acidic food industries. These bacteria enter the product through soil-contaminated fruits, production equipment of the factories and finally produce metabolites such as guaiacol, causing an unpleasant taste in the product.
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the microbial contamination of canned tomato paste in the country, 46 samples of canned tomato paste in the amount of 184 cans of 800 grams were purchased from the market. Regarding the purchase of samples from the market, we tried to buy a different production date and production series for each sample (approximately 4 cans for each brand from each production series). The purchased samples were sent to the Microbiology Department of the Standard Research Institute laboratory for microbiology tests. At the same time, the culture media of thermophilic bacteria (Orange Serum Agar, Thermoacidurans Agar from 4 available brands) were tested for performance control. The canned tomato paste samples were incubated at 30°C ± 1°C for 14 days and 55°C ± 1°C for 7 days.
Results and Discussion
The contents of both examined samples were tested separately for thermophilic bacteria, mesophilic bacteria, mold and yeast. Out of the 46 samples prepared with different production dates and production series, which were 46 cans of tomato paste, 28 samples were positive in terms of contamination with thermophilic bacteria. According to the number of contaminated samples, it was found that 60.86% of the samples were contaminated. Colonies grown on Thermoacidurans Agar medium were examined morphologically. For further investigations, gram staining was performed. All the stained colonies morphologically showed the form of gram-positive rod-shaped bacilli. Biochemical tests including catalase and oxidase were performed to identify Alicyclobacillus species. All the grown colonies were catalase positive and oxidase negative. The final identification of the species was done by performing molecular tests based on specific primers designed from Alicyclobacillus gene. These tests were performed in three stages: genomic DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis. Using the PCR method, the grown colonies were analyzed for two types of bacteria, Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius and Bacillus coagulans. According to the results obtained from sequencing with designed primers in the NCBI database, it showed 100% similarity with the registered sequences, which are all different strains of the Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius species. None of the colonies were detected as Bacillus coagulans species. Since Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius was isolated from soil for the first time, the presence of these bacteria in the product indicates the contamination of raw materials with soil.
Conclusion
In this research, the presence of Alicyclobacillus bacteria in canned tomato paste was confirmed. Due to the high heat resistance of this bacteria, there is a possibility of the presence of Alicyclobacillus in the all stages of tomato paste production, which have entered the product through the soil, and 95°C ± 3°C pasteurization temperature in 30 minutes is not effective in removing this bacteria completely. Most acidophilus thermophilic bacteria, such as Alicyclobacillus family, are not pathogenic bacteria. Their presence in food may make the food taste bad or smelly, but it does not pose a risk to the health of the consumer. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of spoilage and to prevent the growth of bacterial spores in the product, it is essential not to expose the product to high temperatures for a long time. It is also necessary to perform rapid cooling after heat treatment and keep the product at a temperature below 30°C.
Acknowledgement
This article is the result of a common research project of Microbiology and Biology Research Group of Standard Research Institute and Kermanshah Standard Regional Research Group. We hereby thank and appreciate the cooperation of the microbiology research group of the Standard Research Institute and the Kermanshah General Directorate of Standards. We are also very grateful to Rogin Talk Company as the employer of this project.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
- PCR
- Thermophilic bacteria
- Tomato paste
©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.
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